Background. The relevance of the chosen topic is determined by the need to study the causes of the homelessness and neglect growth in the USSR in the 1940s (the war and post-war period), since the ...future development of any society is largely determined by its attitude to children and adolescents. In modern social states, an effective system of social protection of the entire population, and first of all, minors, should be created. Materials and methods. The article analyzes archival materials and the results of research on the causes of homelessness and neglect in Russian historiography. Legal sources (legislative acts, decrees, and other official acts) are of particular interest. The subject of the study determined the use of methodological approaches based on the principles of scientific consistency, objectivity, and historicism. Results. A comprehensive study of the phenomena and facts of real reality was based on an objective and impartial interpretation and evaluation. The principle of objectivity allowed an unbiased analysis of the causes of homelessness and neglect, breaking them into blocks. The principle of consistency helped to consider the phenomena of the past as an element of a single system, to analyze the content of each block of these causes, highlighting the features, and to determine their significance in the system of combating such deviations. The principle of historicism contributed to the study of the causes of homelessness and neglect in the dynamics, in the specific historical situation of the war and post-war period. Conclusions. The Great Patriotic War and the difficult situation in the war and post-war period gave rise to the second “wave” of homelessness and neglect in the history of our state. Parents’ death and loss, hunger, difficult living and housing conditions, evacuation, repression-the causes of homelessness and neglect in the study period. The reasons also include the inability to maintain and raise children by their parents due to illness, disability, need, or an antisocial lifestyle. In addition, analyzing the policy of the USSR in the war and post-war period, we can conclude that it was carried out using harsh methods (the use of forced labor) to achieve the economic development of the country, which to a certain extent, of course, was justified in those difficult times, but at the same time had negative consequences. The method of fighting the “enemies of the people” also continued to be used. Psychological and pedagogical neglect of minors, the romanticization of a criminal lifestyle were also the causes of homelessness and neglect, which must be studied to combat these phenomena.
The article considers issues related to the assessment of the socio-economic situation of Ukraine and 12 countries that are its close neighbors in the Eastern European region. It is established that ...today Ukraine is in a severe socio-economic crisis, which covers all spheres of society and affects the economic and political aspects of the entire Eastern European region. The deepening of the crisis in Ukraine is observed in all areas: the curtailment of production, declining employment, falling incomes and demand. With the deepening recession and budget crisis, it is difficult to carry out the necessary reforms of the Ukrainian state and economy, while the living standards of the majority of the population continue to fall, unemployment and inflation are rising. The socio-economic potential of Ukraine and selected countries of Eastern Europe in the context of those indicators that directly relate to the social status of the population is studied. Using the World Bank statistics for 2019, the following indicators were analyzed: GDP per capita, unemployment rate (% of total labor force), inflation rate (%) and corruption index. The study found that Ukraine lags significantly behind its neighbors in macroeconomic indicators. Analysis of the data of the State Statistics Service shows that in Ukraine there is a deindustrialization of the economy and a decline in industrial production. At the same time, there is a decline in the science intensity of the economy in many sectors of the industrial complex (engineering, chemical, energy), which has significantly led to rising unemployment. Indicators such as low life expectancy at birth, high inflation and corruption also indicate a difficult socio-economic situation. It is established that the illustrated tendencies are largely due, on the one hand, to the unsuccessful institutional policy of the Government of Ukraine, and on the other hand – to corruption and domination of oligarchs in the leading sectors of the economy. In order to classify the countries of Eastern Europe and identify among them the place of Ukraine in the context of selected characteristics of the socio-economic situation, cluster analysis was used, in particular the hierarchical method of Ward. As a result of using this method, a dendrogram was obtained, the visual analysis of which allows to form 4 clusters. The K-means method was used to form clusters. Based on the analysis of the constructed clusters, it was found that the highest rating in the selected indicators have the countries included in the 3rd cluster: Estonia, Poland and the Czech Republic, which are characterized by high welfare, low unemployment and corruption. Countries in the 2nd cluster have a slightly lower rating: Belarus, Bulgaria, Moldova, the Russian Federation, Romania and Hungary. These countries are characterized by a high level of corruption and a fairly high level of inflation, the rest of the indicators in this group are average. The 1st cluster includes: Latvia, Lithuania and the Slovak Republic, which have a high level of welfare, low levels of corruption and inflation, but at the same time high unemployment (average value – 6.1%). The lowest rating is given to Ukraine, which is characterized by falling incomes, high unemployment, inflation and corruption. The study proves the need for urgent effective reforms and systemic transformations in Ukraine, which will promote the rational use of its own investment potential, improve the level of management and investment policy, as well as lobby for national economic interests and create conditions for economic and institutional stability
The relevance of this study is due to the need to develop a fairly understandable and in some sense universal tool for assessing the socio-economic situation in municipalities (districts and ...settlements) with pronounced territorial specifics, with clearly insufficient statistical and information support. The authors, with references to the results of their own research and to the work of their colleagues, present a detailed analysis of the key problems characteristic of the territories of the Russian Arctic, compare them with a set of main external factors of influence in relation to municipalities. Using the SEER expert proce-dure scheme and the hierarchy analysis method, according to the two-level model proposed by the au-thors, complex point estimates of the socio-economic situation in the Arctic settlements and municipal districts of the Arkhangelsk Oblast are calculated. The paper notes that the factors that are directly related to transport accessibility have the greatest impact on the development targets of Arctic municipalities. Therefore, the transport and logistics component should be fundamental in all strategic, program and planning documents aimed at achieving the goals of socio-economic development of the Arctic municipalities — districts and settlements. The obtained estimates are proposed to be used in the development of management decisions that could become the basis of a comprehensive interdepartmental inter-municipal program for the socio-economic development of Arctic municipalities.
This article is devoted to analysis of economies of Central Asia in the post-Soviet period. Method of periodization allowed highlighting of stages of reforming economy, difficulties and problems of ...transition to the market. The authors used a systematic approach, a selection of necessary information, logical inferences. It is shown that the economic potential, the narrowness of sales markets of these countries are unattractive for investors. Population aging, youth unemployment and high migration complicate the socio-demographic situation. The national egoism of the business elite, which has grown stronger over the years of independence, exerts significant pressure on political power. Analysis of indicators of the global competitiveness of countries leads to the idea that national economies may show growth in the future. The region has a competitive advantage by reducing transport and logistics costs; a similar culture of consumption and customer demands; comparability of household income; greater demand for products within the region. Noting attempts integration of countries in the region the authors indicate intensifying contradictions and conflicts (ethnic enclaves, border problems, distribution and regulation of water resources, trade, customs barriers, etc.). An important result of the study is the identification of opportunities for regional cooperation, the format for expanding integration ties between them. Central Asian countries represent a single economic space and use of the entire range of relations from single agreements to international agreements will benefit the countries as a large region in the world market.
The aim of the research was to subjectively assess the situation of Polish urban households and their sense of social security during the COVID-19 pandemic. To this end, primary household surveys ...were designed and subsequently carried out in Poland in April, June and September 2020 using the CAWI method. An assessment of household security was made, presenting households’ subjective feelings about the loss of financial stability, loss of employment, and the overall deterioration of their situation. Responses also addressed a potential worsening in the situation in Poland, growing poverty of families, and rising unemployment in the country. One of the most important conclusions from the research is that there is a dichotomy of feelings among respondents whereby they view the situation of their households as better than that of the country as a whole. Furthermore, between the first and the second stages of the research, there was an increase in optimism among respondents, persisting into the third stage. Finally, the research results show that the smaller the city, the lower the sense of social security.
The article presents the results of an empirical study of the “vertical” form (P. Shtompka) of trust in the authorities on the part of the population of the Republic of Angola, conducted at the end ...of 2020. The research methodology (classical and modern studies of the phenomenon of trust), methods of collecting primary information (included observation, a survey in the form of a standardized interview) are described. The factors influencing the attitude of citizens to the government and causing distrust of its social policy are analyzed. The attitude to the key institutions of civil society on the scale of “trust-distrust” is shown. Based on the results of the study, a forecast is made about the strengthening of distrust of power structures and the growth of tension in the country.
The Covid-19 pandemic changes people’s behavior, determines the interpersonal distance of communication, and deepens the digitalization processes of public life. This paper aims to establish the ...social trust impact on the social sustainability of Ukrainian territorial communities in the Covid-19 pandemic. For an empirical study, four territorial communities of Ukraine were taken, which geographically represent the whole of Ukraine. It used the online survey method based on Google forms. A randomly selected 1530 respondents aged 18+ were interviewed in 2021, where the quota sampling by gender, age, and territorial community has been preserved. The study proves that the family remains the basis of social stability for Ukrainians. In difficult situations, the population expects help from their relatives and is ready to help themselves. However, institutional social trust is highly deficient, with only 5.8% of citizens wishing for help from local authorities in the face of the pandemic. The survey shows that the poorest part of the population is prone to atomization and demonstrates the lowest interpersonal and institutional trust level, weakening social stability due to the risks of numerous divorces, labor migration, and the problems of family members’ isolation during the Covid-19 pandemic. The pandemic has widened the gap between the poorest and wealthiest groups. Therefore, social resilience management should aim to improve institutional and interpersonal social trust. Furthermore, public authorities should unite the community using economic, social, cultural, and religious instruments since atomized individuals cannot withstand local and global challenges efficiently.
AcknowledgmentThe paper was prepared in the framework of the research project “Sustainable development and resource security: from disruptive technologies to digital transformation of Ukrainian economy” (№ 0121U100470) and “ Jean Monnet Chair in EU Economic Policies and Civil Society” (619878-EPP-1-2020-1-UA-EPPJMO-CHAIR).
Health behaviour are human actions which directly or indirectly influence our health. The elderly are a group of people who should especially take care of their health. Taking up this issue is ...justified by the rising life expectancy of the society and the related increasing costs of social care. Considering the current situation, it seems required to provide the older generation with education in the field of health promotion and health behaviour. The study involved 689 individuals over 60 years of age from Poland. A diagnostic survey was applied in the research. A survey technique was used including the Health Behaviour Inventory (HBI) and own questionnaire. Elderly people have more health behaviour associated with prophylactic measures and a positive mental attitude, but least related to eating habits. Women, people over 75 years of age and better educated people with good financial standing adopt significantly more health behaviour. The subject concerning health behaviour of elderly people needs to be further explored and completed. This study may contribute to better quality of life in elderly population.
Aim. To determine the main directions of the political and socio-economic situation development in Kyrgyzstan under the influence of various levels of factors (global – the coronavirus pandemic; ...international – the influence of individual international actors; and local – domestic political processes), as well as the state and prospects in the emerging situation of Russian-Kyrgyz relations. Methodology. Through factor analysis, the main trends in the development of the domestic political situation in Kyrgyzstan, interstate relations with neighboring countries and members of the Eurasian economic community, as well as ensuring security and stability in the regional Central Asian system of international relations are considered.Results. The hypothesis is confirmed that the post-pandemic situation in Kyrgyzstan is characterized by a crisis, and a sharp decline in socio-economic development indicators and increased dependence on external financial regulators. Besides, the complication of relations with neighboring countries, especially with Tajikistan, due to unresolved border issues, and Kazakhstan-due to problems of customs regulation are among the crisis indicators. The excessive activity of various international non-governmental organizations and structures working with both state authorities and the opposition in Kyrgyzstan is also obvious. Taking into account the practice of state coups in Kyrgyzstan (of 2005 and 2010), carried out with the direct participation of these structures, their activities on the territory of Kyrgyzstan predetermine the need to take into account the implementation of Russia’s Central Asian policy.Research implications. The provisions of the article, as well as conclusions and recommendations, can be used by analytical structures to assess the situation and develop proposals for adjusting the political course towards Kyrgyzstan and Russia’s overall policy in the Central Asian region.
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