Children from low-socioeconomic backgrounds exhibit more behavioural difficulties than those from more affluent families. Influential theoretical models specify family stress and child ...characteristics as mediating this effect. These accounts, however, have often been based on cross-sectional data or longitudinal analyses that do not capture all potential pathways, and therefore may not provide good policy guidance.
In a UK representative sample of 2399 children aged 5-15, we tested mediation of the effect of household income on parent and teacher reports of conduct problems (CP) via unhealthy family functioning, poor parental mental health, stressful life events, child physical health and reading ability. We applied cross-lagged longitudinal mediation models which allowed for testing of reciprocal effects whereby the hypothesised mediators were modelled as outcomes as well as predictors of CP.
We found the predicted significant longitudinal effect of income on CP, but no evidence that it was mediated by the child and family factors included in the study. Instead, we found significant indirect paths from income to parental mental health, child physical health and stressful life events that were transmitted via child CP.
The results confirm that income is associated with change in CP but do not support models that suggest this effect is transmitted via unhealthy family functioning, parental mental health, child physical health, stressful life events or reading difficulties. Instead, the results highlight that child CP may be a mediator of social inequalities in family psychosocial functioning.
Pendahuluan: Status sosial ekonomi adalah suatu pengelompokan orang-orang berdasarkan kesamaan karakteristik pekerjaan, pendidikan dan ekonomi. Status sosial ekonomi menunjukkan ketidaksetaraan ...tertentu. perkembangan anak adalah segala perubahan yang terjadi pada diri anak dilihat dari berbagai aspek antara lain aspek fisik (motorik), emosi, kognitif dan psikososial bagaimana anak berinteraksi dengan lingkungan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan antara status social ekonomi orang tua dengan usia perkembangan anak usia 3-5 tahun. Penelitian ini dilakukan di TK Sentosa Bhakti Baturaja Tahun 2019 sampel dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 54 siswa/i. Metode Penelitian: merupakan penelitian deskriptif. Pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini dilakukan secara door to door dalam satu kali waktu pengisisan, kuesioner yang telah diisi selanjutnya di lakukan pengolahan data meliputi editing, coding, entry, cleaning. Hasil Penelitian: didapatkan bahwa nilai p value 0,013 (< 0,05) artinya ada hubungan yang bermakna antara status sosial ekonomi orang tua terhadap usia perkembangan anak. Penelitian ini menggunakan uji statistic (hipotesis) yang dilakukan dengan pengujian Chisquare.
Introduction: Socioeconomic status is a grouping of people based on similar characteristics of work, education and economy. Socioeconomic status indicates certain inequalities. child development is all the changes that occur in the child seen from various aspects including physical (motor), emotional, cognitive and psychosocial aspects of how children interact with the environment. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the socioeconomic status of parents with the age of development of children aged 3-5 years. This research was conducted in Sentosa Bhakti Baturaja Kindergarten in 2019. The samples in this study were 54 students. Research Methods: is a descriptive study. Data collection in this study was carried out door-to-door in one time filling, the questionnaire that was filled in then carried out data processing including editing, coding, entry, cleaning. Research Results: found that the p value of 0.013 (<0.05) means that there is a significant relationship between the socioeconomic status of parents to the child's developmental age. This study uses astatistical test (hypothesis) which is done by Chi-square testing.Keyword: Socio-Economic Status, Age of Child Development, Students.
Background
Costs to families raising a child with cerebral palsy and complex needs are direct and indirect. This study investigated the self‐reported real‐life costs, equipment needs, and associated ...characteristics of children who had the highest equipment and care needs.
Method
The purposive sample (n = 29) were families with a child with cerebral palsy: gross motor function levels 5 (n = 20), level 4 (n = 5), level 3 (n = 4); complex communication needs (n = 21); medical needs (n = 14); hearing impairment (n = 5) and visual impairment (n = 9). Participants completed a specifically designed survey that included the Assistance to Participate Scale. Equipment and technology purchases were recorded in the areas of positioning, mobility, transport, home modifications, communication, splinting and orthoses, self‐care, technology, communication devices, medical, adapted toys/leisure items and privately hired babysitters/carers. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse the data.
Results
Families had purchased up to 25 items within the areas described. The highest median number of items were recorded for positioning (15 items), mobility devices (9 items) and adapted toys/leisure items (9 items). Median costs were highest for home modifications (AUD$23 000), transport (AUD$15 000), splints and orthoses (AUD$3145), paid carers (AUD$3080), equipment for toileting/dressing/bathing (AUD$2900) and technical/medical items ($2380). Children who needed more parental assistance to participate in play and recreation also required significantly more equipment overall for positioning, communication, self‐care and toys/leisure.
Conclusions
The equipment needs of young children with complex disability are extensive and out‐of‐pocket expenses and parental time to support participation in play/recreation excessive. Substantial financial support to offset costs are crucial to better support families in this life situation.
The metabolic syndrome is common in older adults and may be modified by the diet. The aim of this study was to examine associations between a posteriori dietary patterns and the metabolic syndrome in ...an older New Zealand population. The REACH study (Researching Eating, Activity, and Cognitive Health) included 366 participants (aged 65–74 years, 36 % male) living independently in Auckland, New Zealand. Dietary data were collected using a 109-item FFQ with demonstrated validity and reproducibility for assessing dietary patterns using principal component analysis. The metabolic syndrome was defined by the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III. Associations between dietary patterns and the metabolic syndrome, adjusted for age, sex, index of multiple deprivation, physical activity, and energy intake were analysed using logistic regression analysis. Three dietary patterns explained 18 % of dietary intake variation – ‘Mediterranean style’ (salad/leafy cruciferous/other vegetables, avocados/olives, alliums, nuts/seeds, shellfish and white/oily fish, berries), ‘prudent’ (dried/fresh/frozen legumes, soya-based foods, whole grains and carrots) and ‘Western’ (processed meat/fish, sauces/condiments, cakes/biscuits/puddings and meat pies/hot chips). No associations were seen between ‘Mediterranean style’ (OR = 0·75 (95 % CI 0·53, 1·06), P = 0·11) or ‘prudent’ (OR = 1·17 (95 % CI 0·83, 1·59), P = 0·35) patterns and the metabolic syndrome after co-variate adjustment. The ‘Western’ pattern was positively associated with the metabolic syndrome (OR = 1·67 (95 % CI 1·08, 2·63), P = 0·02). There was also a small association between an index of multiple deprivation (OR = 1·04 (95 % CI 1·02, 1·06), P < 0·001) and the metabolic syndrome. This cross-sectional study provides further support for a Western dietary pattern being a risk factor for the metabolic syndrome in an older population.
BACKGROUND: The aims of this study are 1) to investigate the association between maternal educational level and healthy eating behaviour of 11-year-old children (fruit, vegetables and breakfast ...consumption), and 2) to examine whether factors in the home food environment (parental intake of fruit, vegetables and breakfast; rules about fruit and vegetables and home availability of fruit and vegetables) mediate these associations. METHODS: Data were obtained from the Dutch INPACT study. In total, 1318 parent–child dyads were included in this study. Multilevel regression models were used to investigate whether factors of the home food environment mediated the association between maternal educational level and children’s healthy eating behaviour. RESULTS: Children of mothers with a high educational level consumed more pieces of fruit per day (B = 0.13, 95% CI: 0.04-0.22), more grams of vegetables per day (B = 23.81, 95% CI = 14.93-32.69) and were more likely to have breakfast on a daily basis (OR = 2.97, 95% CI: 1.38-6.39) than children of mothers with a low educational level. Home availability, food consumption rules and parental consumption mediated the association between maternal education level and children’s fruit and vegetable consumption. Parental breakfast consumption mediated the association between maternal education level and children’s breakfast consumption. CONCLUSIONS: Factors in the home food environment play an important role in the explanation of socio-economic disparities in children’s healthy eating behaviour and may be promising targets for interventions.
The Proto-Shang, the Shang and the Zhou dynasties (∼2000-221 BCE: Before Common Era) are key periods in the origin and evolution of ancient civilizations in China since the periods include the ...processes and mechanisms of social development in the Central Plains of China during the Bronze Age. However, human-environment interactions in the context of trans-Eurasia cultural exchange during that time are not well-understood. In this study, isotopic analysis and radiocarbon dating of human and animal bones from Xinancheng cemetery in southeast Shanxi Province are reported. It was deduced that, for the period ∼1000-800 BCE, humans buried in Xinancheng cemetery relied primarily on C4-based foods and upper-status individuals consumed more animal protein and probably C3 crops. Also, considering the paleoclimate and other archaeological data of the Central Plains, the human diet and subsistence strategies changed significantly with more C3 staples such as wheat being consumed during the Eastern Zhou (770-221 BCE), as evidenced by an increased intake of wheat by lower-status individuals and the development of a mixed wheat and millet agricultural system. It is argued that the socio-economic change around the late western Zhou-early eastern Zhou Dynasty occurred as a result of the necessity to adapt to the aggravation caused by climate deterioration and population pressures, factors which profoundly influenced the economic and lifestyle patterns in ancient China. The socio-economic system of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty displayed more resilience to climate change than that of earlier periods.
Research on educational outcomes conceptualizes socio-economic condition as a multidimensional construct. Quantitative empirical investigations are generally based on single, composite indicators. ...However, the use of single, composite indicators does not reveal what mechanisms determine inequalities. We use multigroup confirmatory factor analysis and alignment optimization to establish comparable indices of socio-economic conditions and used them in structural equation modeling to disentangle the impact of various dimensions of socio-economic condition on academic performance in a comparative perspective. Data from the PISA 2012 study reveals few country differences and that access to cultural and educational resources is at the root of socio-economic inequalities in academic achievement across the world.
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•We explore dimensions of socio-economic status and its' impact on academic achievement.•Cross-national analysis on PISA data using SEM modeling was employed.•Disparities in access to cultural and educational resources are at the root of socio-economic disparities.
Quality of care could be influenced by individual socio-economic status (SES) and by residential area deprivation. The objective is to synthesize the current evidence regarding inequalities in health ...care for patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (Type 2 DM).
The systematic review focuses on inequalities concerning process (e.g. measurement of HbA1c, i.e. glycolised haemoglobin) and intermediate outcome indicators (e.g. HbA1c level) of Type 2 diabetes care. In total, of n = 886 publications screened, n = 21 met the inclusion criteria.
A wide variety of definitions for 'good quality diabetes care', regional deprivation and individual SES was observed. Despite differences in research approaches, there is a trend towards worse health care for patients with low SES, concerning both process of care and intermediate outcome indicators. Patients living in deprived areas less often achieve glycaemic control targets, tend to have higher blood pressure (BP) and worse lipid profile control.
The available evidence clearly points to the fact that socio-economic inequalities in diabetes care do exist. Low individual SES and residential area deprivation are often associated with worse process indicators and worse intermediate outcomes, resulting in higher risks of microvascular and macrovascular complications. These inequalities exist across different health care systems. Recommendations for further research are provided.
Children’s early language development is under the influence of several positive and negative factors including television as an input source and family’s socio-economic status. Considering that, ...this study investigated the effects of these variables on children’s vocabulary development using a quasi-experimental design. To this end, 60 Iranian children, 30 from high and 30 from low socio-economic status, were selected using stratified random sampling. They were divided into four groups based on their background TV exposure and socio-economic status. TOLD-3 was given to the groups as a vocabulary development test before and after a 6-week observation. Results indicated that the high socio-economic-low background group scored higher than the other groups in the vocabulary development posttest while the low socio-economic-low background group scored lower that the other groups. Furthermore, while high background TV had a negative influence on the children’s vocabulary development in families with a high socio-economic status, it had a positive influence on the children in families with a low socio-economic status. These results have some implications for families, first and second language studies.
In the face of mounting concern at traffic congestion in the vicinity of schools and the associated risks of child pedestrian injury, the ‘walking school bus’ (WSB) idea has been rapidly adopted ...within metropolitan Auckland. WSBs involve volunteers guiding children to and from school in an orderly manner following established walking routes. This paper reports on a survey of the 34 Auckland primary schools which had adopted the scheme by November 2002. Despite rates of child pedestrian injury being highest in areas of socio-economic deprivation, our survey found WSB developments highly concentrated in low deprivation neighbourhoods. The inequitable socio-spatial distribution of WSBs in Auckland suggests that the ability to respond to road safety issues is closely correlated with socio-economic privilege. While our respondents identified a number of individual and community health benefits accruing from WSBs, we conclude that the initiative has a limited ability to address public health challenges originating within an inequitable and car-dominated urban political system.
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