Navigation and the developing brain Newcombe, Nora S
Journal of experimental biology,
02/2019, Letnik:
222, Številka:
Pt Suppl 1
Journal Article
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As babies rapidly acquire motor skills that give them increasingly independent and wide-ranging access to the environment over the first two years of human life, they decrease their reliance on habit ...systems for spatial localization, switching to their emerging inertial navigation system and to allocentric frameworks. Initial place learning is evident towards the end of the period. From 3 to 10 years, children calibrate their ability to encode various sources of spatial information (inertial information, geometric cues, beacons, proximal landmarks and distal landmarks) and begin to combine cues, both within and across systems. Geometric cues are important, but do not constitute an innate and encapsulated module. In addition, from 3 to 10 years, children build the capacity to think about frames of reference different from their current one (i.e. to perform perspective taking). By around 12 years, we see adult-level performance and adult patterns of individual differences on cognitive mapping tasks requiring the integration of vista views of space into environmental space. These lines of development are continuous rather than stage-like. Spatial development builds on important beginnings in the neural systems of newborns, but changes in experience-expectant ways with motor development, action in the world and success-failure feedback. Human systems for integrating and manipulating spatial information also benefit from symbolic capacities and technological inventions.
The Jelonki neighbourhood in Warsaw is a part of the capital’s Bemowo district. It is primarily a residential area, but it is characterized by mixed development, consisting of single-family and ...multi-family houses, blocks of flats, as well as contemporary, modern apartment blocks and gated estates. The specific urban layout of Jelonki has been shaped over the last hundred years. The successive stages of the formation of space in this part of Warsaw illustrate the changing architectural and social standards. From the pre-war garden city, through the “Przyjaźń” (“Friendship”) settlement subordinated to the socio-political conditions of Stalinist Poland and the prefabricated high-rise neighbourhoods of Jelonki, Lazurowa and Górczewska, built in the construction boom of the seventies and eighties, to the new housing projects of the free market economy post 1989.
It is very well known in the planning publications that when creating spacing development to a region or sub-region, it can be able to make more than an alternative consisting with the strategic ...directions overtaken from the actual development of region and the situational and developmental objectives needed. However, the difficulty facing the situational planning is in selecting one of these alternatives to be the best in order to make a balanced situational re-structure, and achieving the economic, social and civil objectives. The developmental situation elements in the regions and governorates, including (Karbala) impose themselves as situational power which implies the process of re-structural arrangement where the situational development is considered the active method for such arrangement. Thus, the difficulty of making decision in selecting any of the developmental alternatives seems easier for the situational planner as he has the programming methods and operations researches. The scientific method is used for making decision to suggest the developmental alternative which can achieve the strategic comprehension of the development elements and ensures the exploitation better to achieve the decree objectives. The method of decisions making theory is considered one scientific method which can be used in this regard. They mechanism of the decisions theory implies making more than one alternative to arrange the strategies and objectives in a matrix through which can make more than a case of making decision towards selecting the suitable situational strategy to achieve the objectives under the case of making decision brunt determined by the interdependent aspect in making decision. This necessitates knowledge of the developmental reality of the studied region or province. Therefore, the applied study of the developmental reality in the Karbala (region) province showed that there are two strategies that can be adopted to bring about spatial development in that province: the balanced growth strategy in the first, rational aspect drawn for sectors for development and the decision to maximize returns, and in the second aspect (cumulative) and the third (participatory), as well as the application proved the possibility of adopting the strategy of manufacturing and manufacturing for export in order to achieve a special type of goals at the lowest costs, whether in the case of certainty or risk, and this leaves the room clear for the decision maker to adopt any of the two strategies.
•Clarify the three-dimensional spatial development rights attributes of urban land renewal.•Distinguish sustainable land development mechanisms from different functional spaces.•Addresses the ...interference of endogenous issues.•Value objective has shifted from the common minimum unit of land to local space.
Urban renewal, as an important means of promoting sustainable urbanization in the stock era, is essentially a process of redistributing land appreciation benefits caused by spatial development rights. However, current literature mostly analyzes the traditional two-dimensional renewal model from the perspective of market mechanisms, which leads to the inability of urban land renewal mechanisms to adapt to sustainable urban development. Therefore, taking Shenzhen as an example, our study aims to understand the spatial mechanism of urban land renewal from a three-dimensional perspective of spatial development rights. Using geographically weighted regression and two-stage least squares regression, we found that the objective of value analysis has shifted from the common minimum unit of land to local space. Moreover, affected by the surrounding environment and various supporting public service facilities, the existence of spatial heterogeneity leads to significant differences in the value of the different functional space within same geographical ranges. The influence intensity of economy, society, and environment shows a decreasing pattern in space from the center of the region to the outer circle of the region. We not only construct a sustainable urban land renewal framework based on three-dimensional spatial property rights, but also distinguish the mechanisms and endogenous issues for different functional spaces. Our study could make a great difference in adjustment of urban land development rights and value acquisition.
Using a case study design, the study focuses on identifying the institutional configuration that determines land take by low-density residential areas. Methodologically, it combines geospatial ...approaches and new institutionalism to capture and understand residential development, taking into account the interests, constraints and agency of local planning authorities, developers and households. The geospatial analysis shows that land take in the case study regions is primarily the result of low-density residential areas. We find that the combination of rural housing ideals, municipal policy objectives, municipalities' disengagement from spatial development and private sector interests are the main drivers for this kind of residential development. As the interests and constraints apply to all case study regions, the identified institutional configuration has high power in explaining low-density residential development. Our study thus uncovers a close link between the interests and constraints of actors, which on the one hand explains the limited impact of existing and new planning instruments on reducing land take, and on the other hand fosters path dependency in the development of low-density residential areas. Although there is some potential for change, breaking path dependency requires significant behavioural change among local planning authorities, developers and households.
•Applying new institutionalism as a conceptual framework for understanding development of low-density residential areas.•Measuring low-density housing at sub-municipal level through building-based spatial analysis.•Structuring the housing construction process, taking into account local planning authorities, developers and households.•Understanding actors’ interests, constraints and agency through expert and household interviews.•Study covers five case study regions and a period of 10 years (2009–2019).
The processes of decentralization have necessitated the spatial development of territorial communities for the most efficient use of their resources, ensuring comfortable conditions for the ...livelihood of the population and the functioning of business. However, russia’s full-scale military aggression against Ukraine has significantly exacerbated the problems of spatial development, increased social, economic, security, and ecological threats. The article is aimed at characterizing the risks of spatial development of territorial communities caused by the russia’s military aggression against Ukraine, and identifying ways to level them. The paper characterizes the factors of spatial development, based on their essence and impact on the socioeconomic development of the territory; a grouping of risks to the spatial development of communities, in particular those caused by the full-scale russia’s war on Ukraine, is carried out. The risks of spatial development of territorial communities in the context of each group are critically assessed – institutional, demographic, economic (business activity and employment), ecological, and security. Attention is focused on measures taken at both the State and regional levels to neutralize threats and risks that impede the spatial development of territorial communities (in particular, programs to promote the development of small and medium-sized enterprises, employment and socialization of internally displaced persons, security in social institutions, etc.). Measures to support the spatial development of territorial communities, which are provided by international donors (in particular, regarding the development of comprehensive plans for the spatial development of territorial communities), are characterized. It is recommended to strengthen the activities of local self-government bodies aimed at ensuring spatial development through the development of a clear architecture of interrelated strategic, planning and program documents, the intensification of measures to support small business in the community, the economic and social integration of IDPs in the community, and so on.
This critical review paper scrutinizes development corridors as ‘dreamscapes of modernity’ and showcases of ‘future-making’. I argue that corridors have become dominant blue-prints for spatial ...development because of a specific way in which they express, perform and implement ‘desirable futures’. I refer to three strands of conceptual debates. The first discusses how futures are ‘made’ and can be empirically approached through practices of future-making. The second looks at imaginations of African futures in relation to images of the continent itself. The third takes the empirical example of development corridors in Africa to scrutinize their meaning as ‘dreamscapes of modernity’. At the end, I will revisit recent calls for closer integration between economic geography and development studies, to which I suggest to add a concern for post- and decolonial positions and ‘theory from the south’.
Gender differences in spatial aptitude are well established by adulthood, particularly when measured by tasks that require the mental rotation of objects (Linn & Petersen, 1985; Voyer, Voyer, & ...Bryden, 1995). Although the male advantage in mental rotation performance represents one of the most robust gender differences in adult cognition, the developmental trajectory of this male advantage remains a topic of considerable debate. To address this debate, we meta-analyzed 303 effect sizes pertaining to gender differences in mental rotation performance among 30,613 children and adolescents. We found significant developmental change in the magnitude of the gender difference: A small male advantage in mental rotation performance first emerged during childhood and then subsequently increased with age, reaching a moderate effect size during adolescence. Procedural factors, including task and stimulus characteristics, also accounted for variability in reported gender differences, even when controlling for the effect of age. These results demonstrate that both age and procedural characteristics moderate the magnitude of the gender difference in mental rotation throughout development.
Public Significance Statement
This meta-analysis documents the development of gender differences in spatial reasoning, finding that boys first outperform girls on mental rotation tasks during primary school and that this male advantage subsequently increases with age into adolescence. Because children's spatial skills predict their later science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) achievement, addressing the gender difference in mental rotation early in childhood may help to minimize later gender disparities in STEM success.
Rapid urbanisation has not only affected the division of urban administrative regions and economic development but also caused changes in land use patterns and urban-rural conflicts. Apart from being ...the main determinants of regional integration, urban agglomerations also represent a new form of spatial organisation to realise coordinated regional development. This study investigates China’s national urban agglomeration development planning, which is guided by government decision-making and various plans aimed at sustainable land use. We use the TF-IDF algorithm, NVivo and statistical methods to analyse the keywords of urban agglomeration policies and the correlation between keywords. We also compare the positioning goals, focus areas and development paths of urban agglomeration policies. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) Urban agglomeration development planning mainly focuses on industrial construction, with additional emphasis on ‘ecology’, ‘service’, ‘cooperation’, ‘innovation’ and ‘region’ (2) On the basis of development and cooperation, urban agglomeration development planning puts forward research objectives and positioning suitable for development; (3) Urban agglomeration development should further develop modern agriculture, emergency systems, ecological construction and internal cooperation. This study’s findings describe new ideas found by comparing urban agglomeration policies, which is helpful to understand the basis of formulating urban agglomeration development planning policies in China, and look forward to the long-term planning for the development of regional integration characteristics in China.
•Local urban interaction focuses on the use of land space and sustainable development in the region.•The analytical framework and method of comparative urban agglomeration development planning are put forward.•The spatial layout and long-term planning of China’s regional integration development is analysed comparatively.•Modern agriculture, emergency systems, ecological construction and internal cooperation need urgent attention.
After almost two decades of life, the EJSD has come to an important shift in its organisation. This piece is the expression of the editorial team’s wish to guide the readers through the changes that ...have occurred, both in the journal’s editorial structure and in its technical arrangement. At the same time, it is an occasion to highlight the ideas upon which the new direction are founded.
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