Multinucleation is a hallmark of osteoclast maturation. The unique and dynamic multinucleation process not only increases cell size but causes functional alterations through reconstruction of the ...cytoskeleton, creating the actin ring and ruffled border that enable bone resorption. Our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying osteoclast multinucleation has advanced considerably in this century, especially since the identification of DC-STAMP and OC-STAMP as "master fusogens". Regarding the molecules and pathways surrounding these STAMPs, however, only limited progress has been made due to the absence of their ligands. Various molecules and mechanisms other than the STAMPs are involved in osteoclast multinucleation. In addition, several preclinical studies have explored chemicals that may be able to target osteoclast multinucleation, which could enable us to control pathogenic bone metabolism more precisely. In this review, we will focus on recent discoveries regarding the STAMPs and other molecules involved in osteoclast multinucleation.
The Representation of Science and Scientists on Postage Stamps examines how the postal authorities of the world have developed unique techniques to portray science and scientists in order to convey a ...message behind the stamp issue. It is a multi-disciplinary examination that investigates visual representation, semiotics, science, science history and politics, amongst other issues.
This article analyses the main issues related to the impact of stamp duty (court fees) exemptions and stamp duty (court fees) indexation on the right of access to a court. Although stamp duty is a ...form of legal fees, the distinctive feature of stamp duty is that it might restrict a person’s right to access a court. The article analyses the relationship between stamp duty and the right of access to a court, and examines the case law of Lithuanian courts and the European Court of Human Rights on the implementation of stamp duty exemptions and the right of access to a court. The study assesses stamp duty exemptions and stamp duty deferrals, which are designed to ensure the proper exercise of the right of access to a court. Finally, the authors analyze the compatibility of stamp duty indexation with the requirements of right to access a court. The article provides insights into the practical problems of calculating stamp duty in Lithuania and draws attention to the complexity of these procedures. The study concludes closing arguments and proposals that suggest that the burden of calculating stamp duty should fall on the State.
PURPOSE:To quantify endothelial cell loss (ECL) caused by orientation stamps on prestripped and preloaded Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK) grafts, and to examine a method for ...reducing ECL using a smaller stamp.
METHODS:Ten prestripped and 10 preloaded DMEK grafts were prepared with S-stamps. Ten additional preloaded DMEK grafts were prepared with both an S-stamp and a smaller F-stamp in different paracentral areas of the graft. The footprint of each stamp was measured using ink on cardstock. DMEK grafts were stored in viewing chambers filled with 20 mL of Optisol-GS for 3 days at 4°C. ECL was quantified using Calcein-AM staining and FIJI Weka Segmentation.
RESULTS:S-stamps on prestripped DMEK grafts contributed an average ECL of 1.1% ± 0.5% (range0.6%–2.2%) toward total graft damage, whereas S-stamps on preloaded DMEK grafts contributed approximately twice that amount (average ECL2.0% ± 0.7%, range1.3%–3.1%, P = 0.004). Overall ECL for prestripped grafts (average7.1% ± 3.3%, range3.3%–13.7%) and preloaded grafts (average11.3% ± 4.2%, range6.9%–19.4%) was similar to previous reports. The footprint of the S-stamp was approximately 45% larger than that of the F-stamp. In 10 preloaded grafts marked with both stamps, the S-stamp caused an average ECL of 1.9% ± 0.6% (range1.2%–3.2%), whereas the smaller F-stamp caused an average ECL of 1.0% ± 0.2% (range0.8%–1.4%, P = 0.0002).
CONCLUSIONS:Loss of endothelial cells associated with graft-stamping was greater in preloaded tissue than in prestripped tissue and was less with a smaller F-stamp than with a larger S-stamp. Using a smaller stamp could help minimize ECL in prestripped and preloaded DMEK grafts.
Batik is an original Indonesian heritage, that must be preserved and it is the mainstay for implementation of “Making Indonesia 4.0”. It was published many research about stamp batik manufacturing, ...but still have limitation of motive variation and slackly design process. This research aim to develop the way to making CNC program to be quickly, besides of high variation of batik motive. Source code in python programming language, was built for extension tool in inscape software. Extentension is used to create stamp point, depend on various motive size. Source code created in .py and .inx format will be save in “ekstensi” folder. Based on coordinate point of stamping in stamp batik, CNC program will be created, using “G-code tools” extension that was available in inscape software menubar. CNC programming used extension was built is measured about time of process and compared to manual CNC programming. CNC program that has been built then tested in CAMotics software. The results of this research show that CNC program could maked with this extension for various dimension od batik stamp and in 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 meters of cloth length. CNC programming with extension developed, can reduce time up to 96.05%.
In this work, we present a fabrication procedure of metal nanomesh arrays with the newly developed nanoimprint resist mr-NIL212FC used in a bi-layer resist system for a lift-off process. We ...comparatively analyzed and evaluated nanomeshes fabricated with a freshly prepared h-PDMS/PDMS stamp and a stamp used 501 times. Therefore, we first performed a step&repeat imprint test run in a self-built low cost step&repeat UV-NIL setup. We inspected the imprint behavior of the stamp, the UV-transmission through the stamp as well as stamp lifetime and stamp degradation with regard to the possible changes of its surface roughness. The nanomesh fabrication process is characterized by a good lift-off performance, leading to a low defect density of <1.26 defects 100 µm−2. Even after 501 imprints, only a negligible stamp degradation occurred without effecting the imprint performance. Likewise, the same holds true for the nanomeshes, which showed comparable low defect densities and feature sheet resistances of 3.54 ± 0.14 Ω/ for the first and 3.48 ± 0.23 Ω/ for the 501st nanomesh, respectively. AFM analyses further revealed that the maximum height of the roughness Rt changed over the course of the 501 imprints from 6.3 nm to 13.3 nm, representing <5% of the overall imprint height. In general, the mr-NIL212FC resist shows a good wettability and compatibility with standard h-PDMS/PDMS stamps, a fast curing behavior, a high replication fidelity, easy separation characteristics, and a very low diffusion of resist components into the stamp. The mr-NIL212FC resist allows exposure times as short as 2 s in the applied tool setup, enabling high throughput production. Moreover, all performed measurements indicate that a much higher number of imprints with one stamp seem possible.
Stamp‐pad ink seals are often placed on important documents, and determining the dating of stamp‐pad ink seal is important to assess the authenticity of a document. In this study, 20 different brands ...and types of stamp‐pad inks were classified by ultraviolet visible spectrophotometer. Six different brands and types of papers were classified by micro‐Fourier transform infrared spectrometer and visual spectral comparator 6000. Three different brands of stamp‐pad inks and two different types of paper were used to make diachronic samples of the seals. A method was employed to date the stamp‐pad seals by comparing absorbance ratios and inks of known age. Curves were created to show the relationship between the absorbance ratio of ink and the age of the seals. The experimental results showed that the absorbance ratio method was applicable for the relative dating of stamp‐pad ink seals in some cases where the seal was placed on the document within 10 weeks.
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