本文主要回應武雅士（Arthur P. ...Wolf）教授，對於臺灣歷史人口學研究缺乏「經濟變項」做為分析依據的待努力項目，因而進行「福爾摩沙歷史職業與社會分層資料庫」的建置，並以武雅士長期研究的婚姻類型做一結合分析：探討閩客通婚型態中，客家婦女的家戶經濟型態、婚姻類型與閩南夫婿原居所的分布。「福爾摩沙歷史職業與社會分層資料庫」將臺灣的歷史職業項目與國際標準職業分類做結合，希望有助於歐亞歷史人口的比較研究。本文以臺北（淡水、大稻埕、艋舺）與新竹（竹北、峨眉、北埔）做為研究分析點，藉由研究點內閩客的族群比例、閩客通婚的婚姻類型、第一次婚的平均年齡與家戶社經地位等變項分析，研究結果顯示區域內的族群比例並未真正影響通婚的決定，家庭需求才是造成客家女性與閩南男性結親的主要因素，其中家庭需求包括勞動力需求與家戶世系延續等兩大因素。當我們以客家女性為主題，觀察通婚現象時，發現不論農村地區或城市地區，其通婚類型並無明顯偏好。
The main goal of this article is to improve the results obtained by the GLAD algorithm in cases with large data. This algorithm is able to learn from instances labeled by multiple annotators taking ...into account both the quality of the annotators and the difficulty of the instances. Despite its many advantages, this study shows that GLAD does not scale well when dealing with large number of instances, as it estimates one parameter per instance of the dataset. Clustering is an alternative to reduce the number of parameters to be estimated, making the learning process more efficient. However, as the features of crowdsourced datasets are not usually available, classical clustering procedures cannot be applied directly. To solve this issue, we propose using clustering from vectors created by matrix factorization. Our analysis shows that this clustering process improves the results obtained by GLAD both regarding accuracy and execution time, especially in large data scenarios. We also compare this approach against other algorithms with a similar goal.
This technical note contains findings from a larger research project into the design of stormwater detention and retention ponds for removal of metals and solids. The project required a standard ...system with which case studies obtained from the International Stormwater BMP Database could be compared in terms of efficiency. A novel classification system for use with the Effluent Probability Method, designed for this purpose, was developed and is presented here.
Introduction.
The liberalisation of state educational standards and the provision of greater autonomy for educational institutions in the formation of educational programmes indicate the need for ...development of a new classification system for Russian education, which should become common for all types of professional educational programmes, including additional training programmes.
The
aim
of the publication was to discuss the status and possible ways to modernise the system of classification of educational programmes in Russian vocational education, taking into account the prospects of its development and the constant replenishment of the registers of professional standards and qualifications.
Methodology and research methods
.
In the course of the study, a retrospective analysis of the development of the classification system of professional educational programmes was used, during which the best Russian and foreign practices were compared.
Results
.
The features of the current lists of professions and specialties of secondary vocational education and areas of improvement in accordance with modern requirements of the system of classification of professional educational programmes used in these lists were considered. For updated lists, a new composition of enlarged groups of the classification system of vocational education programs has been proposed, coupled with a list of areas of professional activity of the register of professional standards of the Ministry of Labour of Russia
.
Scientific novelty.
For the first time, it is proposed to refuse classifiers that are strictly tied to the lists of professions, specialties and training areas approved by the Ministry of Education and Science, which formally copy these lists. Combining the classification systems of vocational education programmes and areas of professional activity will allow an adequate comparison of statistical information on training in the education system with their actual use in the labour market.
Practical significance.
The introduction of the proposed classification system allows us more fully to take into account data on the training of specialists in the Russian system of vocational education, to reflect this data as accurately as possible in national and international educational statistics and to correlate them with employment indicators in various sectors of the economy and production.
The present analysis aims to differentiate the association of noise on myocardial infarction (MI) by job specific demands using International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO)-88 codes as ...a proxy. Data of a German case-control study were supplemented by job descriptions (indicated by ISCO-88). It was examined whether the demands in the various occupational groups modify the effect of noise. Noise and occupational groups are combined to form new exposure categories. Conditional logistic regression models were fitted to identify effects of combined job-noise categories. For the highest noise range (95-124 dB(A)) we found a significant odds-ratio (OR) of 2.18 (confidence interval CI 0.95 = 1.17-4.05) independent of the profession. Some interesting results were found indicating ISCO groups with possible risk. In men, noticeable effects for the exposure category between 62 dB(A) and 84 dB(A) are calculated in the group of legislators and senior officials (ISCO-group 11; OR=1.93; CI 0.95 = 0.50-7.42), the group consisting of life science and health professionals (ISCO-group 22; OR=2.18; CI 0.95 = 0.36-13.1), the group of life science and health associate professionals (ISCO-group 32; OR = 2.03; CI 0.95 = 0.50-8.24), and the group of "precision, handicraft, printing, and related trades workers" (ISCO-group 73; OR = 2.67; CI 0.95 = 0.54-13.0). In the exposure range of 85-94 dB(A), high ORs are calculated for "skilled agricultural, fishery, and forestry workers" (ISCO-group 6; OR = 4.31; CI 0.95 = 0.56-33.3). In women, there are high (nonsignificant) ORs in ISCO-group 1 (OR = 2.43; CI 0.95 = 0.12-50.0), ISCO-group 2 (OR = 1.80; CI 0.95 = 0.31-10.5), and ISCO-group 9 (OR = 2.45; CI 0.95 = 0.63-9.51) for a noise exposure between 62 dB(A) and 84 dB(A). When investigating noise at the workplace in relation to cardiovascular diseases it is important to take the specific requirements of a job into account. Thus, work tasks with high health risks can be identified that helps to develop appropriate prevention strategies.
Introduction: Although it has been hypothesised that metal welding and flame cutting are associated with an increased risk for Parkinson’s disease due to manganese released in the welding fume, few ...rigorous cohort studies have evaluated this risk. Methods: The authors examined the relation between employment as a welder and all basal ganglia and movement disorders (ICD-10, G20–26) in Sweden using nationwide and population based registers. All men recorded as welders or flame cutters (n = 49 488) in the 1960 or 1970 Swedish National Census were identified and their rates of specific basal ganglia and movement disorders between 1964 and 2003 were compared with those in an age and geographical area matched general population comparison cohort of gainfully employed men (n = 489 572). Results: The overall rate for basal ganglia and movement disorders combined was similar for the welders and flame cutters compared with the general population (adjusted rate ratio (aRR) = 0.91 (95% CI 0.81 to 1.01). Similarly, the rate ratio for PD was 0.89 (95% CI 0.79 to 0.99). Adjusted rate ratios for other individual basal ganglia and movement disorders were also not significantly increased or decreased. Further analyses of Parkinson’s disease by attained age, time period of follow up, geographical area of residency, and educational level revealed no significant differences between the welders and the general population. Rates for Parkinson’s disease among welders in shipyards, where exposures to welding fumes are higher, were also similar to the general population (aRR = 0.95; 95% CI 0.70 to 1.28). Conclusion: This nationwide record linkage study offers no support for a relation between welding and Parkinson’s disease or any other specific basal ganglia and movement disorders.
Objectives: To review models and instruments for the selection and advisory process of assistive technology in the rehabilitation field as reported in the current scientific literature. Design: ...Systematic literature review. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted in MEDLINE (2003-2007). In a peer-review process with four independent investigators, studies were selected according to predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Because of the poor publication situation, non-research sources were included as well. The data extracted and compared are: information concerning the selection process for assistive technology, whether a client-centred approach is used during the selection procedure, the use of models and instruments, and their compatibility with the ICF. Results: The search resulted in 16 papers. None of the studies had an experimental design; nine of the publications were literature reviews. There is a lack of reliable and valid models and instruments for the selection process of assistive technology in the scientific literature. The prevalence of the Matching Person and Technology Model from Scherer (1998) is explicit in the publications. The ICF and ISO 9999 are the only classification systems mentioned in relation to assistive technology, although rarely. Conclusion: This is a poorly developed field resulting in a lack of evidence-based procedures for AT selection. Such procedures are important to increase consumer satisfaction and the efficiency of AT provision. There is clearly a need for further research in this field.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VSZLJ
The focus of the study is the performance of the education systems in the 35 OECD countries, and some non-member states such as Costa Rica and Lithuania. A system of indicators developed by the OECD ...allows a comparison of the level and conditions of education in the participating countries. The main aspects of the study are participation in the education system, educational expenses, operational data in the education system and which results are achieved. The educational status quo within the participating countries is visualised in more than 180 figures and tables. The current edition analyses for the first time success rates at the secondary level and admission criteria for the tertiary level. A new chapter addresses the educational policy goal of the 2030 agenda.
In the present publication short data on the system of specialties and qualifications functioning in Republic of Belarus, her features, scope of application are given. The purpose and problems of the ...revision of the National classifier of the Republic of Belarus «Specialties and qualifications», its orientation to reduce the gap between the content of education and content of activity of graduates of establishments of education are described. The main tendencies of change of the operating classification – on the basis of types of economic activity and international standard classification of education taking into account requirements of employers, minimization of economic expenses for education, including due to minimization of classification units, rapprochement of positions with educational systems of other states are revealed. Prospects of development of national system of specialties and qualifications are disclosed. Tendencies and prospects of the expected changes are shown on the examples of the certain specialties offered by BNTU (Belarusian National Technical University).
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