Krupp James, Harold
2012., 20120226, 2012, 2012-02-26, 20120101
eBook
The history of Krupp is the history of modern Germany. No company symbolized the best and worst of that history more than the famous steel and arms maker. In this book, Harold James tells the story ...of the Krupp family and its industrial empire between the early nineteenth century and the present, and analyzes its transition from a family business to one owned by a nonprofit foundation.
Krupp founded a small steel mill in 1811, which established the basis for one of the largest and most important companies in the world by the end of the century. Famously loyal to its highly paid workers, it rejected an exclusive focus on profit, but the company also played a central role in the armament of Nazi Germany and the firm's head was convicted as a war criminal at Nuremberg. Yet after the war Krupp managed to rebuild itself and become a symbol of Germany once again--this time open, economically successful, and socially responsible.
Books on Krupp tend to either denounce it as a diabolical enterprise or celebrate its technical ingenuity. In contrast, James presents a balanced account, showing that the owners felt ambivalent about the company's military connection even while becoming more and more entangled in Germany's aggressive politics during the imperial era and the Third Reich.
By placing the story of Krupp and its owners in a wide context, James also provides new insights into the political, social, and economic history of modern Germany.
Blended cement is commonly used for producing sustainable concretes. This paper presents an experimental study and an optimization design of a low-COsub.2 quaternary binder containing calcined clay, ...slag, and limestone using the response surface method. First, a Box–Behnken design with three influencing factors and three levels was used for the combination design of the quaternary composite cement. The lower limit of the mineral admixtures was 0%. The upper limits of slag, calcined clay, and limestone powder were 30%, 20%, and 10%, respectively. The water-to-binder ratio (water/binder) was 0.5. Experimental works to examine workability and strength (at 3 and 28 days) were performed for the composite cement. The COsub.2 emissions were calculated considering binder compositions. A second-order polynomial regression was used to evaluate the experimental results. In addition, a low-COsub.2 optimization design was conducted for the composite cement using a composite desirability function. The objectives of the optimization design were the target 28-day strength (30, 35, 40, and 45 MPa), target workability (160 mm flow), and low COsub.2 emissions. The trends of the properties of optimal combinations were consistent with those in the test results. In summary, the proposed optimization design can be used for designing composite cement considering strength, workability, and ecological aspects.
Industria del acero, trabajo, mujeres Abstract This paper focuses on understanding, from a gender and feminist economics approach, the tensions surrounding the reconciliation of the life and work of ...women under the industrializing model in Chile. Keywords: Steel industry, work, women Los estudios acerca del trabajo y la clase trabajadora tradicionalmente han centrado su foco de atención en los espacios urbanos y el fortalecimiento del obrero como el "sujeto de la historia". A partir de lo expuesto, nos parece fundamental desarrollar desde la categoría de trabajo una aproximación a la construcción social del género, reconociendo los factores que construyen la valoración social diferenciada del trabajo entre labores productivas y reproductivas. Lo anterior, nos permite también pensar que el acceso al salario se constituye en un factor central de la construcción de jerarquías de género.
This paper analyses some possible means by which renewable power could be integrated into the steel manufacturing process, with techniques such as blast furnace gas recirculation (BF-GR), furnaces ...that utilize carbon capture, a higher share of electrical arc furnaces (EAFs) and the use of direct reduced iron with hydrogen as reduction agent (H-DR). It is demonstrated that these processes could lead to less dependence on—and ultimately complete independence from—coal. This opens the possibility of providing the steel industry with power and heat by coupling to renewable power generation (sector coupling). In this context, it is shown using the example of Germany that with these technologies, reductions of 47–95% of CO2 emissions against 1990 levels and 27–95% of primary energy demand against 2008 can be achieved through the integration of 12–274 TWh of renewable electrical power into the steel industry. Thereby, a substantial contribution to reducing CO2 emissions and fuel demand could be made (although it would fall short of realizing the German government’s target of a 50% reduction in power consumption by 2050).
Steel Barrio MICHAEL INNIS-JIMÉNEZ
06/2013, Letnik:
10
eBook
Michael Innis-Jimenezis a native of Laredo, Texas and Assistant Professor in the Department of American Studies at the University of Alabama. He lives in Tuscaloosa where he working on his next book ...on Latino/a immigration to the American South.In theCulture, Labor, Historyseries
From 1933 onward, Nazi Germany undertook massive and unprecedented industrial integration, submitting an entire economic sector to direct state oversight. This innovative study explores how German ...professionals navigated this complex landscape through the divergent careers of business managers in two of the era's most important trade organizations. While Jakob Reichert of the iron and steel industry unexpectedly resisted state control and was eventually driven to suicide, Karl Lange of the machine builders' association achieved security for himself and his industry by submitting to the Nazi regime. Both men's stories illuminate the options available to industrialists under the Third Reich, as well as the real priorities set by the industries they served.
Steel production is a difficult-to-mitigate sector that challenges climate mitigation commitments. Efforts for future decarbonization can benefit from understanding its progress to date. Here we ...report on greenhouse gas emissions from global steel production over the past century (1900-2015) by combining material flow analysis and life cycle assessment. We find that ~45 Gt steel was produced in this period leading to emissions of ~147 Gt CO
-eq. Significant improvement in process efficiency (~67%) was achieved, but was offset by a 44-fold increase in annual steel production, resulting in a 17-fold net increase in annual emissions. Despite some regional technical improvements, the industry's decarbonization progress at the global scale has largely stagnated since 1995 mainly due to expanded production in emerging countries with high carbon intensity. Our analysis of future scenarios indicates that the expected demand expansion in these countries may jeopardize steel industry's prospects for following 1.5 °C emission reduction pathways. To achieve the Paris climate goals, there is an urgent need for rapid implementation of joint supply- and demand-side mitigation measures around the world in consideration of regional conditions.
It is important to understand the emission characteristics of PM and its precursors for the iron and steel industry in high resolution, considering its significant contribution to the total national ...emissions and the pressing need for more scientific and specific strategies of air pollution control in China. We developed a unit-based emission inventory of SO
, NO
, PM
, PM
and TSP for the Chinese iron and steel industry from 2010 to 2015 by integrating source-specific unabated emission factors with unit-based information of both the activity rate and abatement technology from ~4900 production facilities in mainland China. This is the first study that accomplished a unit-based and source-specific emission inventory of SO
, NO
, PM
, PM
and TSP updated to 2015 for the Chinese iron and steel industry. Based on our estimates, despite the rise of 26.1% in crude steel production from 2010 to 2015, the annual emissions of SO
, PM
, PM
, TSP were reduced by 27.9%, 27.4%, 36.1% and 50.4% respectively, and the NO
had increased by 12.4% for the Chinese iron and steel industry. The emissions of SO
and PM from sintering, pelletizing, BF, BOF, and EAF all significantly decreased. Hebei, Jiangsu, Shandong, Liaoning, Shanxi, Henan, and Hubei are hot spots for the air pollutant emissions of the iron and steel industry. Our results suggest that the strengthened capacity policy and emission control policy were two major human driving forces of the emission mitigation of SO
and PM for the Chinese iron and steel industry, with the latter playing a more important role during the period of 2010-2015.
The decarbonisation of the iron and steel industry, contributing approximately 8% of current global anthropogenic CO
emissions, is challenged by the persistently growing global steel demand and ...limitations of techno-economically feasible options for low-carbon steelmaking. Here we explore the inherent potential of recovering energy and re-using materials from waste streams, high-temperature slag, and re-investing the revenues for carbon capture and storage. In a pathway based on energy recovery and resource recycling of glassy blast furnace slag and crystalline steel slag, we show that a reduction of 28.5 ± 5.7% CO
emissions to the sectoral 2 °C target requirements in the iron and steel industry could be realized in 2050 under strong decarbonization policy consistent with low warming targets. The technological schemes applied to engineer this high-potential pathway could generate a revenue of US$35 ± 16 and US$40 ± 18 billion globally in 2035 and 2050, respectively. If this revenue is used for carbon capture and storage implementation, equivalent CO
emission to the 2 °C sectoral target requirements is expected to be reduced before 2050, without any external investments.
Iron-based shape memory alloys are promising candidates for large-scale structural applications due to their cost efficiency and the possibility of using conventional processing routes from the steel ...industry. However, recently developed alloy systems like Fe-Mn-Al-Ni suffer from low recoverability if the grains do not completely cover the sample cross-section. To overcome this issue, here we show that small amounts of titanium added to Fe-Mn-Al-Ni significantly enhance abnormal grain growth due to a considerable refinement of the subgrain sizes, whereas small amounts of chromium lead to a strong inhibition of abnormal grain growth. By tailoring and promoting abnormal grain growth it is possible to obtain very large single crystalline bars. We expect that the findings of the present study regarding the elementary mechanisms of abnormal grain growth and the role of chemical composition can be applied to tailor other alloy systems with similar microstructural features.
![Low-CO[sub.2] Optimization ...](http://api.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/image/issn/XR4PS5YY4K/1996-1944/small "Low-CO[sub.2] Optimization Design of Quaternary Binder Containing Calcined Clay, Slag, and Limestone")
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