•Numerical models presented in this study were validated with experimental results.•Comparison among numerical modelling approaches applied in the study.•Overview on parameters estimation and ...reference values for mechanical properties proposed in the literature.•Results provide an insight regarding the performance of different modelling approaches for both academic and practice-oriented activities.
This work compares the ability of different numerical modelling approaches to simulate the out-of-plane behaviour of two-leaf stone masonry walls with different masonry bond configurations: an irregular drystone stone masonry wall and a masonry wall with roughly cut regular stone units. Finite element modelling, considering both a micro and macro-modelling approach, and the distinct element method have been compared in this study, which intends to (i) provide an insight regarding parameter estimation and the calibration procedure for each modelling approach considered; (ii) highlight their pros and cons of the selected modelling strategies; (iii) further expand the existing literature addressing the numerical modelling of two-leaf stone masonry walls.
•Twelve one-leaf granite panels were built using similar real in-situ masonry walls.•An experimental campaign of uniaxial compression tests was performed at laboratory.•The results quantifying ...strength and deformability of different regularity patterns.
This paper studies the influence of the constructive process and the regularity pattern on the behaviour of one-leaf stone masonry walls in compression through an experimental campaign. The walls under study correspond to the main load bearing elements of most of the old buildings of the historic centre of Porto, Portugal, but also of many others located at the Northern part of the territory. For this purpose, twenty-four specimens were constructed with distinct textures, corresponding to different regularity patterns in agreement to the walls geometrical and material characteristics assessed through in-situ campaigns, and following the observed in-situ constructive procedures. Twelve of these specimens were tested under uniaxial compression, which allowed quantifying the mechanical characteristics of the masonry, namely the strength and deformability. In particular, the tests also permitted relating the results with the regularity patterns, showing that a similar behaviour is obtained for most of the textures and that the constructive process plays a major role on the specimens’ final behaviour, namely on the low stiffness-to-strength ratios with values well below those currently provided in standards or suggested in the literature.
•A systematic comprehensive review of experimental studies is presented.•A database compiles results from experimental studies on two-leaf stone masonry walls.•A Bayesian-based approach allows to ...define ranges for selected mechancial parameters.•Results obtained are comparable to the ranges proposed in current standards.•Results provide a valuable reference for practice-oriented engineering activities.
The work presents the study carried out to build a database of mechanical properties related to the most recurring two-leaf stone masonry wall typologies. The main objectives of this study are: (1) to perform a systematic review of experimental studies (2) to apply a data fusion technique, based on a Bayesian framework, to update the selected mechanical parameter using the information stored in the final database.
The results obtained are compared to the ranges proposed in current standard and guidelines. Therefore, the outcomes presented in this work can provide a valuable support in practice-oriented engineering activities addressing the assessment of existing buildings.
It is a shared duty of all humanity to ensure the preservation of historical structures for future generations. The discontinuities, cracks, and gaps in the masonry walls, especially in historical ...structures, prevent the building from working monolithically. For this reason, historical buildings need repair and strengthening efforts in time. Grouting is an effective technique for consolidating and strengthening masonry structures. This study aims to establish a general evaluation of the injection method used to repair damaged stone walls. For this purpose, solid stone masonry walls were constructed and tested under in-plane loading to simulate the actual conditions. The solid stone masonry walls are made of saw-cut travertine stones and plastered with English bond, a pattern formed by laying alternate courses of stretchers and headers. The mechanical behavior of the solid stone masonry walls, both in non-damaged condition and with grout injected into the cracks caused by the preloading, was monitored and demonstrated in terms of the load-displacement relationship. As a result of the wall tests, it was observed that there was an increase of up to 28% in the maximum lateral load that the walls can withstand without any crack formation after grout injection.
Cracks are the most important source of information about the damage that occurs to unreinforced masonry piers under seismic actions. To predict the structural state of unreinforced masonry piers ...after an earthquake, research models have been developed to quantify important features of crack patterns. One of the most used crack features is the width, but this can be influenced by several parameters such as the axial load ratio, the shear span ratio, and the loading protocol, which have not been fully studied in previous research studies.
In this study, we use experimental data to investigate the evolution of cracking in stone masonry piers during the application of cyclic shear–compression loading. The data consists of gray-scale images taken during quasi-static shear–compression tests performed on six plastered rubble-stone masonry walls subjected to constant axial force and cycles of increasing drift demand. Through the combined use of digital image correlation and a pre-trained deep learning model, crack pixels are identified, post-processed, and quantified based on their width. The dependency of the crack width on the axial load ratio, the shear span ratio, and the loading protocol at the peak force and ultimate drift limit states of the piers is clarified by a displacement vector field analysis, histogram of the crack width, and the concentration of deformation in the cracks.
We show that, as opposed to flexural cracks, diagonal shear cracks do not fully close when moving from the applied drift demand to the residual drift measured upon removal of the lateral load. Furthermore, we provide the maximum residual crack width at peak force and ultimate drift limit states. This study will improve the decision making abilities of future models used to quantify earthquake-induced damage to stone masonry buildings.
•Automated computation of crack width from DIC measurements.•Automated computation of crack orientation from segmented crack pixels.•Investigating flexural and shear crack width at various drift demands and residual drifts.•Determining influence of axial load, shear span and loading protocol on crack width.•Computing residual crack width at peak force and ultimate drift.
Pipelines are the most efficient method of transporting large quantities of hydrogen, and the low volumetric energy density of gaseous hydrogen requires that the gas must be compressed to extremely ...high pressure to be used as a transport fuel. The failure of high pressure hydrogen gas pipelines and subsequent explosion may induce heavy damage to buildings. In this paper, such an issue is addressed for existing reinforced concrete framed buildings and tuff stone masonry buildings. Physical features such as the gas jet release process, flammable cloud size, blast generation and propagation, and explosion effects on structural components of buildings are considered and evaluated through the SLAB integral model, Multi-Energy Method and pressure‒impulse diagrams. Damage to both types of structural components was evaluated and the maximum distance of blast damage was derived in several environmental conditions, contributing to land-use planning and performance-based design/assessment of pipelines and buildings.
•High pressure hydrogen jet release process and flammable cloud size are estimated.•Peak overpressures and impulses of hydrogen pipeline explosion are evaluated.•Failure of reinforced concrete columns and tuff stone masonry buildings are evaluated.•RC columns can be considered safe against hydrogen gas explosions.•Maximum distance of collapse of tuff stone masonry buildings is calculated.
This paper deals with the architectonic, constructive, and geometrical characterization of Yucatan stone masonry churches in Mexico. The work aims at finding statistical correlations between ...geometric parameters that characterise the main cross section of the churches. For this, a detailed historical and architectonic review was performed and a description of the structural elements and connections among them were provided combining existing data and visual survey of churches under ruins. In addition, a database of 44 Yucatan churches was built with the geometric features of the cross section and linear correlations were studied between the geometric parameters. Additional churches from different regions of Mexico were also considered for a systematic comparison. Besides, simple geometric relations between geometric key parameters as a function of the span of the churches with semi-circular canon vaults were derived and further compared with empirical relations provided in historical treatises from the 16
th
to 18
th
centuries was carried. Based on the results obtained, it was seen that the key geometric parameters defining the thickness of canon vaults and thickness and height of the stone masonry walls are reasonably close to some proposals provided in historical treatises.
•Geometrical analysis using digital processing techniques applied to 2D images.•Geometric irregularity definition of stone masonry by shape and alignments indices.•Application to old stone masonry ...walls located in Porto (Portugal) historic centre.•Three level irregularity classification based on indices ranges and visual surveys.
This paper aims at developing a general methodology supported by quantifiable geometric indices to classify the irregularity of stone masonry walls by direct observation of the elevation texture. This classification is based on indicators proposed in procedures developed in Italy, complemented with new tools and criteria. In particular, the evaluation of the geometric irregularity is done through a set of partial indices that consider the stones’ shape, size and their organization along horizontal and vertical alignments. The methodology was applied to twenty-four granitic stone masonry walls selected from old buildings located at Porto city centre, in Portugal, and a classification is proposed based on irregularity levels graded according to the ranges of the different indices found for these walls.
Dry Stone Masonry Walls in Bending-Part I: Static Tests Restrepo Vélez, Luis Fernando; Magenes, Guido; Griffith, Michael C.
International journal of architectural heritage,
20/1/2/, Letnik:
8, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
A series of static 1:5-scale tests on dry stone masonry walls were performed with the main objective to verify existing analytical expressions for computation of resistance to horizontal loading ...proportional to the self-weight of masonry. The resistance is expressed by means of a collapse load multiplier, and the experiments were conceived to reproduce various out-of-plane bending failure mechanisms using an inclined plane machine built with steel profiles and with an aluminum platform. The collapse multiplier was calculated from the inclination angle of the platform that caused collapse. Since the walls were constructed without mortar, the shear strength along the joints was given purely by friction. The "bricks" were cut from marble-the selection criteria being the accuracy for the cutting, the hardness and durability of the material, and an appropriate friction coefficient. In total, 42 configurations were tested, varying the length of the walls, the presence and position of openings, the staggering ratio, the quality of the connection between walls, the existence of vertical overburden loads in the walls, and the number of stories. The test results are presented in terms of the measured collapse load multipliers and detailed descriptions of the associated collapse mechanisms.
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