Initiation à la linguistique française présente de manière accessible mais complète les domaines de la linguistique : langage et communication, phonétique et phonologie, syntaxe, morphologie, ...sémantique, pragmatique.
Cette synthèse offre aussi un état actuel des connaissances en philosophie du langage et de l’esprit, psychologie cognitive, neurosciences et pragmatique cognitive.
Conçu à partir d’un cours universitaire accompagné de travaux pratiques, cet ouvrage est le fruit d’une longue expérience d’enseignement auprès d’étudiants de littérature, de linguistique et de psychologie en première année de licence.
Old Linguistics and New Linguistics Hattori, Shirô
GENGO KENKYU (Journal of the Linguistic Society of Japan),
2023, Letnik:
Supplement.3
Journal Article
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In the history of linguistics, several revolutionary developments in methodology have occurred, including comparative grammar versus philology, synchronic linguistics versus historical linguistics, ...phonology versus phonetics, generative transformational grammar versus structural linguistics, etc. It is a peculiar characteristic of linguistics, however, that the new does not completely invalidate the old, and in the course of time the old and the new turn out to complement each other.
Between analysis, revision and popularization. The history of literary theory according to Lubomír Doležel This study focuses on one of the most central leitmotifs in Lubomír Doležel’s lifetime work, ...the history of literary theory. This leitmotif offers an opportunity to follow the development of a substantial part of the work delivered by one of the most prominent theoreticians of Czech origin. Hence this leitmotif is followed from the author’s early involvement in analyses of contemporary and historic linguistic concepts, through his analyses of concepts based on the traditions of formalist and structuralist poetics and aesthetics, to his insights into postmodernist and poststructuralist theoretical issues. The study is based on the author’s studies and monographic works of which Occidental Poetics: Tradition and Progress, published in 1990, is the most highly acclaimed in the international context. All the concepts and terms used in the study are viewed and analysed in the broader context of the development of Doležel’s own theoretical work.
The scalpel model of third language acquisition Slabakova, Roumyana
The international journal of bilingualism : cross-disciplinary, cross-linguistic studies of language behavior,
12/2017, Letnik:
21, Številka:
6
Journal Article
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Aims and Objectives:
This article proposes the “scalpel model,” a new model of third and additional language (L3/Ln) acquisition. The model aims to identify and examine what happens beyond the ...initial state of acquisition and what factors may influence change from one state of knowledge to another.
Methodology:
The article briefly examines the currently proposed hypotheses and models and evaluates the existing evidence for their predictions. It highlights several cognitive and experiential factors affecting crosslinguistic influence that are not taken into account by the current models. These factors include: structural linguistic complexity; misleading input or lack of clear unambiguous evidence for some properties or constructions; construction frequency in the target L3; and prevalent language activation or use.
Data and analysis:
Findings of recently published research are discussed in support of the scalpel model. In particular, findings of differential learnability of properties within the same groups of learners suggest that L1 or L2 transfer happens property by property and is influenced by diverse factors.
Findings:
The scalpel model explicitly argues that wholesale transfer of one of the previously acquired languages does not happen at the initial stages of acquisition because it is not necessary. It also argues that transfer can be from the L1 or the L2 or both, but it is not only facilitative.
Originality:
The new model increases the explanatory coverage of the current experimental findings on how the L3/Ln linguistic representations develop.
Implications:
The model emphasizes the importance of the cognitive, experiential, and linguistic influences on the L3/Ln beyond transfer from the L1 or L2. Thus, it aligns L3/Ln acquisition with current debates within L2 acquisition theory.
It is widely understood that the socio-historical contexts of languages have a direct bearing on their structures and on the types of stance that communities take in relation to them. Within the ...discipline of linguistics these socio-historical contexts and their impacts on communities' use and understanding of language are generally referred to as sociolinguistic factors. Meanwhile within descriptive linguistics the structure of language remains core. This is evidenced in the shape of university course design, structures of textbooks, and in how linguistic knowledge is recorded. In this paper we seek to map the relationship of the socio-historical context of linguistics to the languages that we study and in doing so, shift the focus so that the socio-historical context becomes central. Through this process the shape of the languages themselves is altered.We present a case study that compares linguistic and community perspectives on language boundaries in Milne Bay Provence, Papua New Guinea, and explore the processes through which the languages are created as objects and then become emblematic of culture and identity. We discuss the strong links that communities make between language, place and spirituality and consider the opportunities that these perspectives hold for language descriptions. Finally we consider how we, as linguists, can hold multiple perspectives on language and create culturally safe partnerships with communities that result in materials consistent with speakers' goals for their language.
Structural Priming Pickering, Martin J; Ferreira, Victor S
Psychological bulletin,
05/2008, Letnik:
134, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
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Repetition is a central phenomenon of behavior, and researchers have made extensive use of it to illuminate psychological functioning. In the language sciences, a ubiquitous form of such repetition ...is
structural priming
, a tendency to repeat or better process a current sentence because of its structural similarity to a previously experienced ("prime") sentence (
J. K. Bock, 1986
). The recent explosion of research in structural priming has made it the dominant means of investigating the processes involved in the production (and increasingly, comprehension) of complex expressions such as sentences. This review considers its implications for the representation of syntax and the mechanisms of production and comprehension and their relationship. It then addresses the potential functions of structural priming, before turning to its implications for first language acquisition, bilingualism, and aphasia. The authors close with theoretical and empirical recommendations for future investigations.
Linguistics and Social Sciences Foucault, Michel
Theory, culture & society,
01/2023, Letnik:
40, Številka:
1-2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
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Written with the suppression of the Tunisian students by their own government in view, Michel Foucault’s March 1968 ‘Linguistics and Social Sciences’ opens up a new horizon of historical inquiry and ...epitomises Foucault’s abiding interest in formulating new methods for studying the interaction of language and power. Translated into English for the first time by Jonathan D.S. Schroeder and Chantal Wright, this remarkable lecture constitutes Foucault’s most explicit and sustained statement of his project to revolutionise history by transposing the analysis of logical relations into the history of knowledge.
Measuring meaning is a central problem in cultural sociology and word embeddings may offer powerful new tools to do so. But like any tool, they build on and exert theoretical assumptions. In this ...paper, I theorize the ways in which word embeddings model three core premises of a structural linguistic theory of meaning: that meaning is coherent, relational, and may be analyzed as a static system. In certain ways, word embeddings are vulnerable to the enduring critiques of these premises. In other ways, word embeddings offer novel solutions to these critiques. More broadly, formalizing the study of meaning with word embeddings offers theoretical opportunities to clarify core concepts and debates in cultural sociology, such as the coherence of meaning. Just as network analysis specified the once vague notion of social relations, formalizing meaning with embeddings can push us to specify and reimagine meaning itself.
In this discussion note, I argue that we need to distinguish carefully between descriptive categories, that is, categories of particular languages, and comparative concepts, which are used for ...crosslinguistic comparison and are specifically created by typologists for the purposes of comparison. Descriptive formal categories cannot be equated across languages because the criteria for category assignment are different from language to language. This old structuralist insight (called CATEGORIAL PARTICULARISM) has recently been emphasized again by several linguists, but the idea that linguists need to identify 'crosslinguistic categories' before they can compare languages is still widespread, especially (but not only) in generative linguistics. Instead, what we have to do (and normally do in practice) is to create comparative concepts that allow us to identify comparable phenomena across languages and to formulate crosslinguistic generalizations. Comparative concepts have to be universally applicable, so they can only be based on other universally applicable concepts: conceptual-semantic concepts, general formal concepts, and other comparative concepts. Comparative concepts are not always purely semantically based concepts, but outside of phonology they usually contain a semantic component. The fact that typologists compare languages in terms of a separate set of concepts that is not taxonomically superordinate to descriptive linguistic categories means that typology and language-particular analysis are more independent of each other than is often thought.
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