The opposition of the opposites is also reflected in the myth of the nations and one of the main fields of the myth is the struggle of different forces. Myth is the mother of epic, and any nation ...that does not have a myth is also useless of epic, and the main background of the epic of any nation is its myth. So this fundamental concept has also found its way into the epic; But in the process of materialization of phenomena from myth to epic, mythical concepts are formed differently in the epic, and during this process, the confrontation of human beings or heroes with evil forces, the confrontation of two tribes and clans, The two heroes become one with each other. In general, it can be said that epic is the fruit of man's struggle with anything that is against his dreams and aspirations and in opposition to his will and action. Meanwhile, the contrast between the phenomena of nature such as night and day, darkness and light, drought and wet season, greenery and autumn and the like, had caused the human way of thinking and worldview based on the same contrast. And as a result, human mythology is full of these contradictions. Moreover, even in later periods, such a way of thinking has prevailed in the human mind and historical data have been analyzed and explained based on this approach. Another important factor in the existence of confrontation and contradiction in mythology is the existence of secondary ideas in these works; Because the important principle in the dual thought of the myths of ancient Iran is the conflict between the demonic forces and the Ahura forces, which considers the whole world as the place of these two opposing forces; Influenced by this idea, we always encounter confrontation and war between groups in Shahnameh. One of the important sources and a collection of myths and legends and even valuable historical contents of this region is Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, which is divided into three parts: mythology (from the time of Kiomars to the kingdom of Fereydoun), heroism (from the rise of the blacksmith to The assassination of Rostam and the reign of Bahman, son of Esfandiar) and historical (from the reign of Bahman and the birth of Alexander to the opening of Iran to the Arabs) has been divided.
The article focuses on the phantasmatic constitution of the self in Derrida’s deconstructive work of mourning. In contrast to Freud, Derrida does not merely analyse inner-psychic mourning processes ...that only occur after a concrete experience of loss which can be successfully processed. Rather, he explores the possibilities of an ‘impossible mourning’ that always-already begins before the actual loss of a desired object and never comes to a closure. Because the phantasmatic incorporation of the transcendent other both opens up and undermines the subject’s self-relation in the work of mourning, it is assigned a quasi-transcendental status: quasi-transcendental insofar as the conditions of the possibility of being oneself simultaneously mark the conditions of the impossibility of having recourse to a self-present and self-identical subject. The aim is to work out the key role of Derrida’s modification of transcendental imagination, whose syntheses are at work in the spectral images of the other that haunt us in a ghostly way. As an image of the other within me that gazes at or affects me in the imagination and thereby conditions my phantasmatic constitution as a split self, its internalised trace forms the inaccessible place of self-formation in the work of mourning.
Homology-a similar trait shared by different species and derived from common ancestry, such as a seal's fin and a bird's wing-is one of the most fundamental yet challenging concepts in evolutionary ...biology. This groundbreaking book provides the first mechanistically based theory of what homology is and how it arises in evolution.
Günter Wagner, one of the preeminent researchers in the field, argues that homology, or character identity, can be explained through the historical continuity of character identity networks-that is, the gene regulatory networks that enable differential gene expression. He shows how character identity is independent of the form and function of the character itself because the same network can activate different effector genes and thus control the development of different shapes, sizes, and qualities of the character. Demonstrating how this theoretical model can provide a foundation for understanding the evolutionary origin of novel characters, Wagner applies it to the origin and evolution of specific systems, such as cell types; skin, hair, and feathers; limbs and digits; and flowers.
The first major synthesis of homology to be published in decades,Homology, Genes, and Evolutionary Innovationreveals how a mechanistically based theory can serve as a unifying concept for any branch of science concerned with the structure and development of organisms, and how it can help explain major transitions in evolution and broad patterns of biological diversity.
This book presents an innovative African philosophical response to coloniality and the attendant epistemicide of Africa’s knowledge systems, drawing on Igbo thinking. This book argues that theorizing ...modernity requires a critical conversation between African and Western scholarship, in order to unpack its links with coloniality and the subjugation of Africa’s indigenous knowledges. In setting out this discussion, the book also connects with Latin American scholarship, demonstrating how the modern world is structured to marginalize and destroy knowledges from across the Global South. This book draws on Igbo epistemic resources of solidarity thinking, positioned in contrast to capitalist knowledge-patterns, thereby providing an important Africa-driven response to modernity and coloniality. This book concludes by arguing that the Igbo sense of solidarity is useful and relevant to modern contexts and thus constitutes a vital resource for a less disruptive, more balanced, and more wholesome modernity. At a time of considerable global crises, this book makes an important contribution to philosophy both within Africa and beyond.
This project proposes that the reading of an artist’s book is one that may entail an experience that is distinctive to the medium, one that encompasses a shift of expectations of what a book is or ...does. That there is an awareness of the book held in the hands, and of its interactivity and deployment in time, and that this combination of tactile and cognitive negotiation of the mechanisms of the book’s structure, sequence and content make for a particularity of engagement. As a dialogical relationship, coming from a personal and infinitely variable experience of the book by its reader/viewer, this is one that is inherently elusive and complex to analyse. In investigating the nature of the temporality of self-reflexive dynamics as an underlying characteristic of the medium, this thesis submits that the foregrounding of the synthesis in time of the mutable and the concrete may be an apposite and constructive approach to exposition and evaluation of this heterogeneous field. The development of this research and the setting out of the enquiry has been undertaken through the production and methodology of my practice, which takes such auto-reflectivity as manifest subject. The thesis approaches the questions by means of the allusion to the occurrences and strategic use of self-conscious metafictional play in literature, not as a directly comparative study but by appraising the effect in terms of relational, and at times implicit association. Following an outline of the contexts of the critical study of artists’ books and of structuralist and post-structuralist narratology and literary theory in terms of the specular, the main portion of the writing is in the form of self-contained sections, in each of which a range of figures and mechanisms are considered, forming an overall constellation of shifting interconnection.
The analysis of authoritarianism in political systems, using theories presented in the field of philosophy of language, has been the main basis of this article. The main question of this article was: ...which components in poststructuralism can be used to start the process of passing authoritarianism and what will this transition look like from a poststructuralist point of view? In order to reach the answer, first by using the descriptive method of poststructuralism, of course, based on the views of Wittgenstein and Derrida, explanations are provided and an attempt has been made to determine the components inside it. After that, an attempt has been made to analyze authoritarianism in politicalsystems by using the components of poststructuralism. After that, the transition from authoritarianism has been considered and an attempt has been made to provide explanations about how to transition from a poststructuralist point of view. In the end, there are explanations about the type of government that is closer to the characteristics of poststructuralism. The main result of this article is that there are features of poststructuralism that paying attention to them in the field of politics can be a way to overcome authoritarianism. The social nature of language, changeability, evolvability, decentralization, endless differences, and lack of semantic fixation are some of the characteristics.
Cet article propose une analyse de l’élaboration guillaumienne de la distinction saussurienne entre langue et parole, en termes de distinction double : entre langue et parole et entre langue et ...discours. Nous montrons que la singularité de cette élaboration consiste en l’adjonction d’une construction spéculative à la démarche structuraliste d’analyse du donné idiomologique et de la parole. Apparaît ainsi en pleine lumière l’empirisme de la problématique guillaumienne. La distinction entre langue et discours constitue le cadre de construction du système linguistique, qui doit permettre de rendre compte de la multiplicité des effets de discours. La distinction entre langue et parole constitue la langue comme principe d’analyse. La construction guillaumienne vise cependant également à rendre compte du mécanisme de la parole. En tant que telle, elle est néanmoins nécessairement spéculative, dans la mesure où elle s’inscrit dans la double problématique structuraliste et des rapports son/sens : la définition de la langue intervient sur le fond de l’acceptation préalable du donné du langage. À la définition saussurienne de la langue comme fonctionnement, ainsi distinguée du langage, répond une dynamisation de la distinction entre langue et parole, dont le langage fournit le cadre : l’objectalité de la langue n’est pas remise en cause, mais construite comme le produit d’un processus langagier.
Language (
langue
), speech (
parole
) and discourse : Guillaumian duplication of Saussurean distinction
. This paper provides an analysis of the Guillaumian elaboration of Saussurean distinction between
langue
and
parole
, which results in two distinctions : between language and speech and between language and discourse. We show that the singularity of this elaboration consists in the addition of a speculative construction to the structuralist analysis of idiomological data and speech. The empiricism of the Guillaumian problematics thus appears in full light. The distinction between language and discourse constitutes the framework for building the linguistic system, which must make it possible to account for the multiplicity of discourse effects. The distinction between language and speech constitutes language as a principle of analysis. However, the Guillaumian construction also aims to reflect the mechanism of speech. As such, it is nevertheless necessarily speculative, insofar as it falls within the structuralist problematics and the sound/sense relationships problematics : the definition of
langue
is based on the prior acceptance of
langage
as given. To the Saussurian definition of
langue
as a functioning, thus distinguished from
langage
, responds a dynamization of the distinction between
langue
and
parole
, of which
langage
provides the framework : the objectal character of language is not called into question, but constructed as the product of a language process.
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