Non si tratta di stabilire il se, ma il come.Autorevoli esperti, in occasione di interviste e dibattiti su reti televisive nazionali, hanno affrontato il problema della repressione dei reati commessi ...in occasione delle lotte contro la costruzione di grandi opere pubbliche o di manifestazioni per la tutela dellambiente, in termini che a noi sono parsi semplicistici e strumentali: può lo Stato abdicare al suo obbligo di accertamento e punizione dei reati, al suo potere repressivo, allorché molta parte della popolazione interessata agli effetti di una grande opera vi si oppone giudicandola inopportuna o dannosa?Posta in questi termini la risposta, ovviamente, non può che essere negativa.Non è sufficiente che un gruppo, anche molto consistente e maggioritario, di cittadini interessati allopera, ritenga di doversi opporre a quello che giudica uno scempio ambientale o un costo eccessivo, per giustificare tutte le forme di lotta, anche quelle che travalicano i limiti della legalità.Tuttavia nella capziosità della domanda sta lequivoco della risposta, poiché, come dicevamo allinizio, non si tratta di stabilire il se, ma il come.Non è ammissibile invocare lesenzione dalla responsabilità penale per coloro che commettono reati nel corso di manifestazioni o al di fuori di esse, ed è chiaro a tutti che gli eccessi devono essere puniti.Accade però spesso, in occasione di forti conflitti sociali, che vi sia il dichiarato (o, peggio ancora, non dichiarato) tentativo di rispondere ad essi con leggi eccezionali o anche con interpretazioni eccezionali o forzate delle norme esistenti.Ed è altrettanto chiaro, invece, che laccertamento dei reati, lutilizzo delle misure cautelari e di prevenzione deve essere effettuato nel rigoroso rispetto delle regole e dei limiti tracciati dallo Stato democratico e dalle sue leggi ed anche con comminazione di pene commisurate
alla effettiva gravità del reato.La celebrazione nel Palazzo di Giustizia di Torino di nu-merosi processi penali connessi allopposizione contro il Tav ha costituito loccasione per una riflessione più ampia sul concorso di persone nel reato.Fino a qual punto, secondo i dettami ed i limiti tracciati dalle attuali norme, colui che partecipa ad una manifestazione o comunque ad attività connesse o preparatorie, è penalmente responsabile per i fatti commessi da altri in occasione del corteo o ai margini di esso?Per approfondire largomento lAssociazione Giuristi Democratici ha organizzato un convegno che ha posto a confronto i contributi e le posizioni di avvocati, professori universitari, magistrati ed esponenti del sindacato di polizia.Roberto Lamacchia, Claudio Novaro, Giampaolo Zancan ed Anna Chiusano (seguendo lordine degli interventi) sono avvocati del Foro di Torino, Davide Petrini, Marco Pelissero e Paolo Ferrua sono professori universitari presso la Facoltà di Giu¬ri¬sprudenza, Enrico Zucca è Sostituto Procuratore Generale presso la Corte dAppello di Genova, Giovanni Palombarini è stato fino al 2011 Procuratore Generale Aggiunto presso la Corte di Cassazione e Luigi Notari è membro della Segreteria Nazionale del sindacato di polizia SIULP.Questo volume riprende i temi del convegno tenutosi nel dicembre 2013 presso la Galleria dArte Moderna di Torino ed intende fornire un contributo di carattere giuridico e rigorosamente tecnico inerente alle modalità ed ai limiti entro i quali lesercizio della giurisdizione penale relativa ai fatti della Val Susa (con un riferimento anche al G8 di Genova e commenti generali sullargomento) avrebbe dovuto o dovrebbe essere esercitato, secondo il parere degli autorevoli esperti intervenuti.Non è in discussione "se" lo Stato democratico debba esercitare la sua azione punitiva, ma "come" possa e debba
espletarla nella puntuale applicazione ed interpretazione delle norme esistenti.
In the Western Alps, different shear zones acting at different depths have been investigated for explaining multistage exhumation of (U)HP units, and several exhumation models have been proposed for ...explaining present-day stacking of different tectonometamorphic units. This study aims to reconstruct the tectonic evolution of the Susa Shear Zone (SSZ), a polyphasic first-order shear zone, outcropping in the Susa Valley. The SSZ consists of a thick mylonitic zone, along which units characterized by different Alpine metamorphic P–T peaks are coupled. In the study area, the footwall of the SSZ mostly consists of oceanic units (i.e., Internal Piedmont Zone), which record eclogitic conditions, whereas the hanging wall consists of oceanic units (i.e., External Piedmont Zone), which record blueschist-facies conditions. These tectonic units were deformed during subduction- and exhumation-related Alpine history, throughout four main regional deformation phases (from D1 to D4), and were coupled along the SSZ, wherein two shearing events have been distinguished (T1 and T2). T1 occurred during early exhumation and was characterized by “apparent reverse” Top-to-E kinematics, whereas T2 occurred during late exhumation and was characterized by Top-to-W kinematics. Detailed fieldwork and structural analysis allowed us to describe the main features of the different deformation stages and define the deformation relative timing. As final result, we propose a four-step geodynamic model, focused on the different stages developed along the SSZ, from pre-T1 to syn-T2, showing the geometrical relationships between the tectonic units involved in the exhumation. The model aims at explaining the role of the SSZ in the axial sector of the Western Alps.
Today, tourism is one of the most important assets of any country. Water-centric tourism is one of the most important types of tourism that has been welcomed due to its water attractions and water ...recreation. Three permanent rivers, Karkheh, Dez and Shavar, flow in the city of Shush in the north of Khuzestan province. It has been suggested that the city has a good opportunity for river tourism. But the presence of tourists in the natural environment also destroys it. The present study was conducted with the aim of locating river tourism sites in Shush city and by survey method. Data collection and location criteria were performed through library and field studies. Therefore, a number of questionnaires were distributed among the employees of different departments of Shush. The sites were selected through field research. Of the 19 sites introduced, only four had the capabilities. Weighing the criteria using the Shannon entropy method and the Topsis model were used to analyze the data. Finally, among the four mentioned sites, Najian territory in the western coast of Karkheh river has the best potential to build the river base center of river tourism in shush.
Fungi that are barely lichenized or non-lichenized and closely related to lichenized taxa, the so-called borderline fungi, are an important element in reconstructing the evolutionary history of ...lichenized lineages.
Arthoniaceae
is a prime example including non-lichenized, saprotrophic lineages which potentially were precursors to lichenized taxa. In this study, we focused on saprotrophic species of
Arthonia
sensu lato, including new sequence data for
Arthonia pinastri
. We obtained fresh material of this taxon from a living branch of
Fraxinus ornus
in Italy to assess its taxonomic status and to elucidate its phylogenetic relationships within
Arthonia
. Thin sections of the thallus and ascomata of
A
.
pinastri
confirmed the absence of a photobiont. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses of combined mtSSU, nuLSU and RPB2 sequence data placed the species close to
A. dispersa
(barely lichenized or non-lichenized) and
A
.
punctiformis
(non-lichenized) in a clade closely related to
Arthonia
sensu stricto, and the
A
.
pinastri
clade is here resurrected under the name
Naevia
. Ancestral character state analysis within a broader context of
Arthoniales
does not support the saprotrophic lifestyle to be a plesiomorphic feature, but suggests loss of lichenization in
Naevia
, as well as loss and possible regain in a second clade containing saprotrophic species and including taxa resembling
Mycoporum
, underlining the evolutionary plasticity of
Arthoniales
. These two clades constitute model taxa to further investigate the evolution of alternative biological lifestyles within the context of chiefly lichenized taxa.
Denudation processes affecting mountain slopes may vary according to different factors (e.g., lithology and structural setting of bedrock, climate, relief features), which may be very diverse at the ...local scale. Gully complex systems, characterised by morphological features similar to those developing in other climate contexts (i.e., pseudo-badlands) are also becoming common at higher altitudes and latitudes. The selected study cases of Gran Gorgia (Susa Valley) and Saint Nicolas (Aosta Valley), in the Western Italian Alps, are sites of geomorphological interest as they are specifically relevant for their scientific features. The aims of this work are (i) reconstructing the morphometric evolution of gully systems and vegetation colonisation time by means of multitemporal spatial analysis on surface morphological changes under water erosion; (ii) reconstructing in detail, through dendrogeomorphological analysis, the progressive spatial surface denudation and changes in erosion rates, by analysing trees and exposed roots and using different indicators (i.e., compression wood, traumatic resin ducts); (iii) obtaining data on successive aggradation/degradation episodes along slopes surrounding such hotspots through geopedological investigations; and (iv) identifying which control factors exert a predominant role on denudation patterns in such contexts. Multidisciplinary analyses regarding the study sites allowed for detailing of erosional history of the studied slopes detecting the prevailing drivers of their evolution. According to the results and considering the common climate and bedrock conditions, the structural background seems to have more influence on slope evolution at the Saint Nicolas site, while superficial geomorphic processes seem to be more relevant at the Gran Gorgia site. Because the sites have already been recognised as part of geoheritage by local authorities, the data obtained in the present research on their genesis, evolution, and local drivers affecting the rates of denudation (i.e., scientific relevance of the site) suggests that description of the sites for dissemination purposes should include links to the entire slope history.
•Multidisciplinary analyses allowed detailing erosional history of studied slopes.•Specific indicators of geomorphic disturbance were individuated for the study sites.•Weakly developed soils and buried surfaces testify diverse geomorphic contexts.•Erosion rates in study sites are higher than in analogous geomorphological contexts.•The local drivers of denudation were identified as both structural and geomorphic features.
Il presente contributo vuole offrire un aggiornamento sugli ospedalieri antoniani della precettoria generale di Ranverso, sulle loro attività in Val di Susa e sulle loro proprietà sul colle del ...Piccolo Moncenisio tra XIII e XV secolo. L’indagine si è basata sugli studi finora pubblicati (soprattutto quelli di Italo Ruffino), sui documenti e sugli inventari archivistici, esaminati alla luce delle nuove interpretazioni in materia di storia antoniana e di storia degli ospedali tardomedievali più in generale. Accantonata la teoria di antoniani quali esperti infermieri, è possibile rileggere la storia dell’ospedale di Ranverso come epicentro di un’azienda agricola che si estendeva fino al Moncenisio. L’esame delle fonti scritte, sia coeve che tarde e indirette, ha fatto emergere una problematica gestione dei pascoli non presidiati, e dimostrato che gli stessi antoniani non furono sempre in grado di rivendicare i loro diritti di proprietà o di pascolo a causa della dispersione dei documenti.
This paper presents the results of the one-year field research into the hoverfly (Diptera: Syrphidae) in Mareschi, in Sant’Antonino di Susa municipality. The sampling activities were performed with ...Malaise trap, emerging trap, and entomological net. Monitoring was carried out from March to October 2018 in the over-mature alder forest, classified under the Natura 2000 Habitat code 91E0, considered as a priority in EU 92/43 Habitats Directive. Preliminary data from July to October 2017 are also included. Overall, 74 species were recorded, with the first records of 7 species for Piedmont. Some of the observed species in Mareschi are of primary conservation importance, such as Arctophila superbiens (Müller, 1776), Sphiximorpha subsessilis (Illiger in Rossi, 1807) and Temnostoma bombylans (Fabricius, 1805). The use of Syrph the Net analysis and the comparison with other woods in Po Plain confirm the high naturalistic value of the studied area.
Video games in modern world have become cultural, economic and political tools to shape the thought of the younger generation. Examples of these games have made their way to the museums; scientific ...circles have focused on game aesthetic; and different countries are trying to take part in the growing market of game design. This article is a feasibility study on using the ancient motifs of Iran’s national art as patterns of computer game design. Taking advantage of the views of scientists like Rudolf Arnheim, our most important purpose is to survey on abilities of the motifs of ancient Susa ceramics to convert to graphic patterns utilizable for game design. We gathered the research data in a library and museum survey. The study of selected works (retrieved from the collection of Susa ceramics from 4th millennium BC in the Louvre museum) shows that these motifs can be used in visual style of stylized abstraction to create various samples of characters, textures, items and icons. Utilizing them we will be able to design attractive video games based on our national identity.
The Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM) performance prediction is fundamental both to select the most effective tunnel construction methods and to estimate the condition of excavation, in terms of time and ...economic costs of the infrastructure. Many researchers have developed several empirical and theoretical models, mainly based on the comparison between geological-geotechnical rock masses characteristics and TBM data. However, these models are specific-site and hardly applicable to different contexts. The aim of this work is to carry out easy models utilizable during early stage of tunnel planning and realization; for this purpose singular rock mass parameters (Uniaxial Compressive Strength, quartz content, spacing between fractures, etc.) have been related to TBM performance indices, as the Rate of Penetration (ROP) and the Field Penetration Index (FPI). In particular, this study focuses on “La Maddalena” exploratory tunnel (Tunnel Euroalpin Lyon-Turin), situated in northern Italy, where geological, geotechnical and TBM performance data have been continuously collected during tunnel construction.
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