This paper deals with the function of the Italian subjunctive in the sphere of volition. It argues that the subjunctive designates what is called a state-of-affairs (SoA) in this sphere. This ...argument is substantiated in two parts. The first part is a discussion of the subjunctive in the sphere of volition across the system. In the discussion, it is concluded that the subjunctive designates a SoA where it opposes the proposition-designating indicative. The second part is a corpus-based study of 25 verbs of volition with data from CORIS, a corpus of written Italian. This qualitative study tests the hypothesis that mood alternation in complements of verbs of volition has a decisive semantic impact on the main verb or the complex structure as whole. The data confirms the hypothesis, since the SoA-designating subjunctive is found to prompt a volitional meaning, whereas the proposition-designating indicative prompts a non-volitional meaning. By analyzing certain variants of the Italian subjunctive as SoA-designating, we can better account for, on the one hand, why the subjunctive remains persistent in the sphere of volition compared to other spheres of meaning, where it tends to lose ground to the indicative, and, on the other hand, what mood alternation entails in the sphere of volition.
Esta investigación pretende analizar el tratamiento que reciben el presente de indicativo y el presente de subjuntivo (formas canto y cante) en un corpus constituido por veinticinco manuales de ...español como lengua extranjera (ELE), que abarcan desde el nivel B1-B2 hasta el nivel C1-C2. En concreto, se analiza la terminología utilizada por los distintos manuales para rotular estas formas, los valores atribuidos a ambas a través de los primeros ejemplos, en términos de prototipicidad y no prototipicidad, así como las actividades y las imágenes empleadas para la descripción y explicación de las mismas. El objetivo último del artículo es contribuir al análisis de los manuales de ELE desde un punto de vista teórico y reivindicar la importancia de la inclusión del componente teórico en el aula para la obtención de mejores resultados en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje.
This article offers the "architrope" as a means for apprehending rhetorical figures on a symbolic landscape (or "tropography"). I argue that ethical critique of public memory places requires more ...than reading visual representations and envisioning resistive viewer agencies. Inspired by Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak's declaration that it should not be possible to remember Victorian England's women writers without recalling the "worlding" functions of colonial literature in British imperialism, I examine how the Brontë Parsonage Museum should unworld and otherworld its memoryscape. Adding spatial dimension to visual rhetoric, I map tropographic turns where visitors should not only unsettle histories but also confront aporias of postcolonial, feminist, and queer memories. Although rhetorical scholars celebrate the radical potential of the uncanny and the subjunctive mood, my analysis shows that uncanniness can be commodified, and colonizing narratives necessitate overt negation. Remapping commonplaces of museums and memorials therefore requires replacing rhetorical theory's acquiescence to possibility with emplaced attunement to impossible demands of the forgotten and unrepresentable dead.
It is known that the grammatical structure of today's literary Albanian, in general terms, reflects the grammatical structure of the vernacular, so in today's stage of the development of standard ...Albanian and with the demands that are posed to Albanian linguistics, the study of the vernacular takes special importance as a necessity to know better and more deeply the grammatical structure of the Albanian language, and its originality. The oral creativity of our people has directly served linguistic studies and it is no coincidence that a large part of Albanian language researchers are among the most diligent collectors and publishers. With such an aim, the object of our paper is precisely the study of the dialects of Albanian, trying to highlight some of the peculiarities of the syntax in the various dialects of Albanian, concentrating more on the subjunctive period.
In this article, I will address the use of the modal particle (MP) with the subjunctive in the main clauses in the Odyssey. I choose this feature, because this is a usage that is unknown to Attic and ...even in Ionic this is extremely rare. I first explain how the corpus was obtained, as the forms described as “future indicatives” in the grammars of Classical Greek descend either from the Indo-European desiderative and will be called “future-desideratives” here, or are metrically equivalent to the subjunctive of the sigmatic aorist, and as in the vast majority of cases, the distinction between desiderative and aorist subjunctive cannot be made, these forms are catalogued as “future-subjunctives”. In a second step, I discuss some of the textual issues that could arise in determining whether or not the MP was in fact attested. Thirdly, I outline a working hypothesis, outlining that the MP refers to single and specific action close to hearer and speaker and is only allowed with the epistemic modality (as in Allan’s 2013 framework). Fourthly, I provide the fact and figures and then, I start with the actual analysis. I find that there are no “future-desideratives” with an MP in the Odyssey and that only a very limited number of (future-)subjunctives are used with an MP in the main clause. This is due to the fact that most of these forms have a desiderative, voluntative and/or exhortative meaning, which are all three incompatible with the use of the MP. Besides the passages where the rules seem to be observed, I also discuss those in which the rules seem to have been violated, there are different variants attested or more than one interpretation possible.
In some finite clauses only one of the subjunctive and indicative moods might occur, while in others there is option between these two moods. This is the basic distinction between intensional and ...polarity subjunctive. This paper questions the sustainability of such division in Portuguese, providing a critical analysis of the major arguments sustaining that those two types of subjunctive need to be considered. Instead, it is shown that a semantic analysis of the indicative and subjunctive moods accounts for the distribution of these moods in European Portuguese (EP), no different explanations being needed for the cases of lexical selection and those of mood choice. In both cases Indicative signals that only
worlds are taken in account, while Subjunctive signals the consideration of non-
worlds. This allows a comprehensive account of the EP data: Subjunctive or Indicative occurs depending on whether the meaning of the sentence leads to the consideration of non-
worlds or not. However, in other varieties of Portuguese, Indicative occurs in some sentences whose meaning involves the consideration of non
worlds. Such is the case of Brazilian Portuguese (BP), where, in colloquial speech, the use of Indicative is common in complement clauses of
(‘to want’), a paradigmatic domain of Subjunctive. The conjecture is made that in this variety resorting to one or another mood is used as a pragmatic, discursive, strategy, even if the meaning of the sentence leads to the other mood.
Philippe Schlenker gives a method of deriving local contexts from an expression's classical semantics. In this paper I show that this method, when applied to the traditional variably strict semantics ...for subjunctive conditionals of Robert Stalnaker, David Lewis, and Angelika Kratzer, delivers an empirically incorrect prediction. The prediction is that the antecedent of a conditional should have the whole domain of possible worlds as its local context and therefore should be allowed to have only necessary presuppositions. In the later part of the paper, I suggest the outlines of a solution to the problem. The solution involves adding a shifting contextual restriction on the domain of possible worlds.
This quasi‐experimental study investigates the immediate and long‐term effects of deductive instruction and explicit‐inductive instruction to L2 learners on the use of the English subjunctive as a ...pragmatic mitigator. Two intact classes of tertiary‐level Chinese EFL (English as a Foreign Language) learners, labeled as the deductive group and the explicit‐inductive group, respectively, received two 45‐min sessions of pragmatic intervention, whereas a third intact class serving as the control group was given grammatical instruction. The immediate post‐test and delayed post‐test administered to the three groups shows that the deductive group had an immediate edge but not a long‐term one over the explicit‐inductive group, in terms of appropriateness and linguistic accuracy; however, the gain of the explicit‐inductive group was better retained than in the deductive group. This study contributes to the expansion of instructional targets within the field of L2 pragmatics. It also highlights the relative advantage of deductive and explicit‐inductive instruction methods.
摘要
这项准实验研究探讨了演绎教学和显性归纳教学对中国大学生英语虚拟语气语用缓和功能习得的即时效果和延时效果。研究选取两个由英语作为二语的大学生学习者组成的教学自然班, 分别作为演绎组和显性归纳组, 分别进行了两个45分钟的语用干预, 而作为对照组的第三个班级则接受了单纯的语法教学。对三个组别进行的即时后测和延迟后测显示, 演绎组在适切性和准确性方面在即时效果上略胜于显性归纳组, 然而, 显性归纳组的语用习得效果比演绎组具有更好的持久性。这项研究有助于扩展二语语用学领域的教学对象, 也突显了演绎和显性归纳教学方法的相对优势。
This paper presents a study of the Subjunctive in the Bantu languages of Giryama in Kenya (E72a) and Nyanja in Tanzania (N201), and explores its distribution in the two languages. As in other Bantu ...languages, the Subjunctive is a morphological feature characterized by a verbal suffix -e, an obligatory subject marker, and the absence of tense. Syntactically, the Subjunctive appears in independent clauses, as well as dependent clauses with a certain class of predicates and adverbial subordinators. Independent clauses that may carry the Subjunctive are those that express exhortations or suggestions, and sentences marked with the future tense. Dependent clauses with Subjunctive verbs include: (a) complement clauses containing directive, volitional, and causative verbs, and (b) adverbial clauses such as clauses of purpose. Studies of the subjunctive have often associated its semantic distribution with irrealis, in contrast with the Indicative, which is associated with realis or assertion. We present evidence showing that the irrealis reading may sometimes appear to be absent. We argue that irrealis may not be a necessary and sufficient condition for the Subjunctive. However, the onstructions that give irrealis readings provide the best exemplars of Subjunctives in these two languages. Independent clause Subjunctives are shown to be clearly non-factive. Matrix verbs that take subjunctive complements are described as presupposition triggers of events that are non-factive relative to the matrix event.
Both Lowe and Tsai have presented their own versions of the theory that both indicative and subjunctive conditionals are strict conditionals. We critically discuss both versions and we find each ...version wanting.
PDF
