Soviet suburbia Churakov, S K
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science,
04/2021, Letnik:
740, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Abstract
The article discusses the applicability of the term “suburbia” to the mass housing development in the USSR in the 60-70s of the XX century. For this, the main features of suburbia are ...formulated as a phenomenon manifested in different cultures. The first of them is an ideological model that determines the peculiarities of the lifestyle in the suburbs and acts as the main city-forming and formative factor.
Being a special type of development of non-urban areas, suburbia is primarily determined by the type of the settlement, and not by the features of space-planning or urban planning solutions. From this point of view, suburbia is a mono-territory with a simplified approach to solving social, functional and planning tasks.
Being the product of a design approach which does not rely on the historical tradition of the surrounding landscape development, suburbia is not a self-sufficient territorial entity, being a part of the city “orbit” as an element of the network structure with its own complex structure of economic, social, cultural and other kinds of connections. Replacing the suburbs or suburban settlements in the vicinity of the city, the suburbia loses their properties as elements of the settlement network.
One of the main typological signs of suburbia is the massive, typical character of construction and urban planning solutions. At the same time, it is interpreted as the main place of residence of socially homogeneous population, the so-called “middle class”, defined not by local traditions, but by the standards of the mass consumers.
As a consequence of this approach, both in the American and Soviet versions of the suburbs of the 60-70s there are no complex zoning and functional density, no possibility of choice both in the typology of urban spaces and socially significant objects, no natural landscape and microlandscape identity.
Vieillir chez soi est une trajectoire de vie mise de l’avant depuis nombre d’années par les gouvernements et souhaitée par les personnes âgées et leurs proches. Un vieillissement sur place, dans son ...milieu de vie, n’est toutefois pas une expérience statique ou linéaire. Alors que la personne évolue dans son parcours, son quartier se transforme également en plaçant les individus dans différentes situations plus et moins favorables du point de vue de l’inclusion, de la participation et plus largement de la maîtrise de son environnement résidentiel. Cette double évolution est particulièrement visible dans les territoires d’immigration d’agglomérations métropolitaines comme Montréal. Or, les milieux qui concentrent à la fois l’immigration et le vieillissement sont d’une grande variabilité de formes urbaines (quartiers centraux, péricentraux, banlieues, etc.) et de dynamiques urbaines (renouvellement, requalification, gentrification, etc.). Correspondant parfois à des milieux favorisés pouvant être placés dans une dynamique d’appauvrissement, ou référant parfois à des milieux en changements social et économique relativement importants, ces dynamiques différenciées posent des défis en matière de politiques urbaines. C’est avec le concept de normalité résidentielle (residential normalcy) que nous abordons 3 types de milieux de vie (milieux d’immigration établis, milieux en requalification et milieux d’immigration étalés). Les personnes aînées parviennent à la normalité résidentielle lorsqu’elles déclarent avoir des sentiments globalement positifs face à leurs milieux de vie, aux personnes, groupes ou institutions qui modulent leur quotidien et aux activités qu’elles sont en mesure de choisir et d’accomplir. Plusieurs des facteurs d’exclusion des milieux d’immigration établis correspondent à l’accessibilité aux ressources urbaines, notamment la reconnaissance institutionnelle. Si l’accès à la mobilité et aux transports est facteur de fragilité, pour pouvoir suivre la trajectoire de la communauté d’appartenance dans l’agglomération, l’ancrage de la communauté d’appartenance dans son milieu est un fort facteur d’inclusion. Pour les milieux en requalification ou étalés, c’est la localisation et la présence même des ressources urbaines qui posent question, en donnant une visibilité aux personnes et communautés. Cet enjeu d’(in)visibilité passe par différents lieux ordinaires (centres commerciaux, espaces vacants de toutes sortes, etc.), mais qui sont en forte transformation et leur maîtrise n’est pas garantie. Les cas de deux secteurs d'arrondissements de Montréal, Parc-Extension et Montréal-Nord, et la Ville de Brossard permettent d’ouvrir la discussion sur les politiques et leur évolution.
Aging at home is a trajectory that governments have been promoting for many years, and that seniors and their families appreciate. However, aging at home is not a static or linear experience. As people's lives evolve, so do their neighbourhoods, placing individuals in different situations, more or less favourable from the point of view of inclusion, participation and, more broadly, control of their residential environment. This dual evolution is particularly visible in the immigrant areas of metropolitan agglomerations like Montréal. The environments in which both immigration and aging are concentrated vary widely in terms of urban form (inner-city, peri-urban, suburbs, etc.) and urban dynamics (renewal, requalification, gentrification, etc.). These differentiated dynamics sometimes correspond to favoured areas that may be experiencing impoverishment, and sometimes refer to areas undergoing relatively significant social and economic change, posing challenges for urban policies that are just as challenging. Using the concept of residential normalcy, we look at 3 types of living environments (established immigrant communities, requalifying communities, and sprawled immigrant communities). Seniors achieve residential normalcy when they report generally positive feelings about their living environments, the people, groups or institutions that shape their daily lives, and the activities they are able to choose and carry out. Many of the factors that exclude established immigrant communities are related to access to urban resources, particularly institutional recognition. If access to mobility and transportation is a factor of fragility, to be able to follow the trajectory of the community of belonging in the agglomeration, the anchoring of the community of belonging in its environment is a strong factor of inclusion. For areas undergoing redevelopment or sprawling, it's the very location and presence of urban resources that raises questions, giving visibility to individuals and communities. This issue of (in)visibility involves a number of ordinary places (shopping centres, vacant spaces of all kinds, etc.), but these are undergoing major transformation, and their control is not guaranteed. The cases of two Montréal boroughs, Parc-Extension and Montréal-Nord, and the City of Brossard, provide an opportunity to discuss the policies.
Addresses the issue of 'boomburbs, ' large suburbs of more than 100,000 residents, and examines who lives in them, what drives their development, and how they are governed. Explains why America's ...suburbs are thriving and how they are shaping the lives of millions of residents.
In the urban studies literature, urban politics is usually considered in two distinct locations: the city (often understood in quite conventional centralist ways) and the suburb (understood as ...spatially peripheral and politically at odds with the central city). At the metropolitan scale, the two types of urban politics are discussed in relation to one another. More recently, the metropolitan scale of urban politics has been expanded to regional dimensions. We pose the question of location of urban politics from a specific deficit in the geography of centre, suburb and metropolis. We argue that in today's regional political socio‐spatiality, politics will have to be found ‘in‐between’ the old lines of demarcation. Following Tom Sieverts' (2003) advice to look at the ‘in‐between’ cities that are neither old downtown nor new suburb but complex urban landscapes of mixed density, use and urbanity, we reveal the political vacuum that is at the heart of the urban region today. Using the politics of infrastructure in Toronto as our empirical example, we will show that vulnerabilities and risks for urban populations in that Canadian metropolis' in‐between city are co‐generated by the failure of conventional political spaces and processes to capture the connectivities threaded through those places that are in‐between the centre and exurbia.
•China’s suburbs can be effectively identified based on SNPP-VIIRS data.•We provide a more lone-time series and fine-resolution suburb dataset in China.•China’s suburbs present a fluctuation-growth ...trend.•Population density, GDP, and roads are major driver factors of suburban development.
Suburbs, as bridges between urban areas and rural hinterlands, are areas with the most intense urban–rural conflicts and drastic land use changes in the urbanization process. Accurate identification and evaluation of suburbs are important to effectively break the urban–rural dichotomy, improve the utilization and management of land resources, and promote urban–rural integration and coordinated development. Previous suburb identification studies have suffered from low identification efficiency owing to the influence of subjective factors, small scales, short time-series, and single data characteristics. Thus, we took China as experimental object, and attempted to identify suburbs from the Suomi National Polar-orbit Partnership’s Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (SNPP–VIIRS) nighttime light remotely sensed data using the K-means algorithm and subsequent series of post-processing approaches. Thereafter, our study further evaluated the spatiotemporal dynamics and driving factors of suburb development. Accuracy verification results show that suburb identification based on SNPP–VIIRS data can identify more details than the existing urban area data and Defense Meteorological Satellite Program’s Operational Linescan System data. Compared with traditional mutation detection methods, the proposed method has the advantages of being fast, efficient, and less subjective. Furthermore, we found that China’s suburbs present a fluctuation-growth trend, with the proportions increasing from 0.6% to 1.3% in the period 2012–2020. China’s suburb development was mainly driven by the development of population density, GDP, and road network. Our study provides an innovative way to conduct a rapid, efficient, and large-scale and accurate suburb identification over a long time series, thereby facilitating the study of socio-environmental issues in the urbanization process. The annual series (2012–2020) of suburbs in China are available free of charge at https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/M5EED5.
The range of the mosquito Aedes aegypti continues to expand, putting more than two billion people at risk of arboviral infection. The sterile insect technique (SIT) has been used to successfully ...combat agricultural pests at large scale, but not mosquitoes, mainly because of challenges with consistent production and distribution of high-quality male mosquitoes. We describe automated processes to rear and release millions of competitive, sterile male Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes, and use of these males in a large-scale suppression trial in Fresno County, California. In 2018, we released 14.4 million males across three replicate neighborhoods encompassing 293 hectares. At peak mosquito season, the number of female mosquitoes was 95.5% lower (95% CI, 93.6-96.9) in release areas compared to non-release areas, with the most geographically isolated neighborhood reaching a 99% reduction. This work demonstrates the high efficacy of mosquito SIT in an area ninefold larger than in previous similar trials, supporting the potential of this approach in public health and nuisance-mosquito eradication programs.
Suburban Realities: The Israeli Case Berger, Tamar
CLCWeb : Comparative literature and culture,
06/2019, Letnik:
21, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
In her article "Suburban Realities: The Israeli Case" Tamar Berger discusses the nature of the new building in Israel in the last 3-4 decades. Israel, she claims, has been going through a process of ...massive suburbanization, which is drastically changing the face of the country. Some of the features of the new space are similar to those of other places, globally, but it has its particularity, the result of both the local spatial history and the nature of Israeli society. Suburbs in general are hard to define. Still, a set of typical features of the Israeli suburbs can be noted: they are decentralized-centralized spaces; Typically, they are spaces of the middle classes; They rely heavily on the car and in fact cars determine to a great extent the morphology of these spaces; and "stage value" is particularly present in them, leading to a sterilization of the political.
This book looks again at the filmic and televised spaces we think we know so well. How are these spaces built up? What is it that makes us recognize them as suburbs? How do they function? Vermeulen ...usesDesperate Housewives, The Simpsons, King of the Hill, Happiness, Pleasantville, Brick and Chumscrubber to explore these questions.
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