Crystalline cerium(III) phosphate (CePOsub.4), cerium(IV) phosphates, and nanocrystalline ceria are considered to be promising components of sunscreen cosmetics. This paper reports on a study in ...which, for the first time, a quantitative comparative analysis was performed of the UV-shielding properties of CePOsub.4, Ce(POsub.4)(HPOsub.4)sub.0.5(Hsub.2O)sub.0.5, and CePOsub.4/CeOsub.2 composites. Both the sun protection factor and protection factor against UV-A radiation of the materials were determined. Ce(POsub.4)(HPOsub.4)sub.0.5(Hsub.2O)sub.0.5 was shown to have a sun protection factor of 2.9, which is comparable with that of nanocrystalline ceria and three times higher than the sun protection factor of CePOsub.4. Composites containing both cerium dioxide and CePOsub.4 demonstrated higher sun protection factors (up to 1.8) than individual CePOsub.4. When compared with the TiOsub.2 Aeroxide P25 reference sample, cerium(III) and cerium(IV) phosphates demonstrated negligible photocatalytic activity. A cytotoxicity analysis performed using two mammalian cell lines, hMSc and NCTC L929, showed that CePOsub.4, Ce(POsub.4)(HPOsub.4)sub.0.5(Hsub.2O)sub.0.5, and nanocrystalline ceria were all non-toxic. The results of this comparative study indicate that cerium(IV) phosphate Ce(POsub.4)(HPOsub.4)sub.0.5(Hsub.2O)sub.0.5 is more advantageous for use in sunscreens than either cerium(III) phosphate or CePOsub.4/CeOsub.2 composites, due to its improved UV-shielding properties and low photocatalytic activity.
The flower of Syringa pubescens Turcz. is used in Chinese folk medicine and also as a flower tea for healthcare. The effects of five drying methods on the active compound contents, the antioxidant ...abilities, anti-inflammatory properties and enzyme inhibitory activities were evaluated. The plant materials were treated using shade-drying, microwave-drying, sun-drying, infrared-drying and oven-drying. The seven active compounds were simultaneously determined using an HPLC method. Furthermore, the chemical profile was assessed using scanning electron microscopy, ultraviolet spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy. The antioxidant capacities and protective effects on L02 cells induced with hydrogen peroxide were measured. The anti-inflammatory effects on lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW264.7 cells were investigated. The enzyme inhibitory activities were determined against α-amylase, α-glucosidase cholinesterases and tyrosinase. The results indicated that drying methods had significant influences on the active compound contents and biological properties. Compared with other samples, the OD samples possessed low ICsub.50 values with 0.118 ± 0.004 mg/mL for DPPH radical, 1.538 ± 0.0972 for hydroxyl radical and 0.886 ± 0.199 mg/mL for superoxide radical, while the SHD samples had stronger reducing power compared with other samples. The SHD samples could be effective against Hsub.2Osub.2-induced injury on L02 cells by the promoting of T-AOC, GSH-PX, SOD and CAT activities and the reducing of MDA content compared with other samples. Furthermore, SPF samples, especially the SHD sample, could evidently ameliorate inflammation through the inhibition of IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α expression. All the studied SPF samples exhibited evidently inhibitory effects on the four enzymes. The ICsub.50 values of inhibitory activity on α-glucosidase and α-amylase from SHD sample were 2.516 ± 0.024 and 0.734 ± 0.034 mg/mL, respectively. SD samples had potential inhibitory effects on cholinesterases and tyrosinase with ICsub.50 values of 3.443 ± 0.060 and 1.732 ± 0.058 mg/mL. In consideration of active compound contents and biological activities, it was recommended that SHD and SD be applied for drying SPF at an industrial scale.
Optimal sunscreen use allows vitamin D synthesis Young, A.R.; Narbutt, J.; Harrison, G.I. ...
British journal of dermatology (1951),
November 2019, 2019-11-00, 20191101, Letnik:
181, Številka:
5
Journal Article
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Odprti dostop
Summary
Vitamin D, vital for bone health, is produced by the skin in response to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) from sunlight. However, as well as being the main source of vitamin D, UVR is a major ...cause of skin cancer. This has led to questions about how to prevent low levels of vitamin D whilst limiting the risk of skin cancer.
This study, led by researchers from King's College London, found that use of sunscreen did not prevent most people from getting enough vitamin D whilst on a week‐long holiday to an area with a very high UV index.
Whilst on holiday, 20 people received a broad‐spectrum sunscreen with a Sun Protection Factor (SPF) of 15, offering UVB protection and high UVA protection. Another 20 received a non‐broad‐spectrum sunscreen, also SPF 15 but with low UVA protection. These two groups were told how to use their sunscreens correctly to achieve the labelled SPF.
In contrast, 22 people used their own sunscreen with no instructions on application, and 17 people formed a control group who remained in Poland. Blood samples were taken from participants 24 hours before and 24 to 48 hours after the holiday to check vitamin D levels.
The first two groups saw a highly significant improvement in vitamin D levels. The group that used their own sunscreens also had significant vitamin D synthesis, but all had sunburn. During the same period, the control group had a slight decline in vitamin D.
Linked Article: Young et al. Br J Dermatol 2019; 181:1052–1062
Background
The recommended amount of sunscreen by hand application (2 mg/cm2) is in reality not achieved, which decreases the homogeneity and thereby the effective sun protection factor (SPF).
...Materials and Methods
The homogeneity of sunscreen applied by a newly developed spray applicator using an electrostatically charged aerosol, for which a hand rubbing of the formulation is not necessary, is evaluated. In vivo experiments were performed on the volar forearms of human volunteers using the spray applicator compared to the standardized hand application according to ISO 24444.
Results
The distribution homogeneity was assessed qualitatively using in vivo laser scanning microscopy and quantitatively by absorption spectroscopy after tape stripping and by the standard deviation of multiple spatially displaced reflectance measurements for non‐invasive SPF determination below the minimal erythemal dose, which showed a significantly higher homogeneity by 20.9% after spray application compared to hand application.
Conclusion
Non‐invasive SPF determination of multiple spatially displaced reflectance measurements was proven to be a suitable method for the non‐invasive determination of the sunscreen distribution homogeneity. Electrostatically charged spray application increased the sunscreen distribution homogeneity on the skin and can reduce the amount of overspray.
Benzophenone-3 (BP-3; oxybenzone) is an ingredient in sunscreen lotions and personal-care products that protects against the damaging effects of ultraviolet light. Oxybenzone is an emerging ...contaminant of concern in marine environments—produced by swimmers and municipal, residential, and boat/ship wastewater discharges. We examined the effects of oxybenzone on the larval form (planula) of the coral Stylophora pistillata, as well as its toxicity in vitro to coral cells from this and six other coral species. Oxybenzone is a photo-toxicant; adverse effects are exacerbated in the light. Whether in darkness or light, oxybenzone transformed planulae from a motile state to a deformed, sessile condition. Planulae exhibited an increasing rate of coral bleaching in response to increasing concentrations of oxybenzone. Oxybenzone is a genotoxicant to corals, exhibiting a positive relationship between DNA-AP lesions and increasing oxybenzone concentrations. Oxybenzone is a skeletal endocrine disruptor; it induced ossification of the planula, encasing the entire planula in its own skeleton. The LC₅₀ of planulae exposed to oxybenzone in the light for an 8- and 24-h exposure was 3.1 mg/L and 139 µg/L, respectively. The LC₅₀s for oxybenzone in darkness for the same time points were 16.8 mg/L and 779 µg/L. Deformity EC₂₀ levels (24 h) of planulae exposed to oxybenzone were 6.5 µg/L in the light and 10 µg/L in darkness. Coral cell LC₅₀s (4 h, in the light) for 7 different coral species ranges from 8 to 340 µg/L, whereas LC₂₀s (4 h, in the light) for the same species ranges from 0.062 to 8 µg/L. Coral reef contamination of oxybenzone in the U.S. Virgin Islands ranged from 75 µg/L to 1.4 mg/L, whereas Hawaiian sites were contaminated between 0.8 and 19.2 µg/L. Oxybenzone poses a hazard to coral reef conservation and threatens the resiliency of coral reefs to climate change.
Background
The proper application of sunscreen is important to ensure protection of the skin against ultraviolet (UV) damage. Sunscreens are used in various ways in real world situations, which ...alters their UV protection efficacy. In this study, we simulated typical consumer use of sunscreen, which is often sequentially covered with facial makeup, in a laboratory study.
Methods
We compared the sun protection factors (SPF) of sunscreen and makeup products after consecutive layering of the products.
Results
The SPF of each sunscreen and makeup product was dramatically lower than stated on the label upon application of a typical amount used by a consumer, which is lower than recommended. For high‐SPF products, the drop in effective protection was proportionally greater than those for the low‐SPF products upon application of lower doses. However, layering sunscreen and makeup products greatly increased the effective SPF compared with that achieved by single application of each product, even when the amount of each product used was below the recommended level.
Conclusion
Layering sunscreen with makeup may compensate for insufficient sunscreen application in real‐life conditions by providing an additional source of UV protection and improving the homogeneity of coverage. Our results suggest that recommending consecutive application of sunscreen and makeup products may be a practical and useful approach to improving UV protection that would not require additional steps in the facial care routines of many individuals.
Tinted sunscreens: Are these products affordable? Hill, Madison J.; Turney, Kathryn C.; Driscoll, Marcia S.
International journal of dermatology,
November 2022, 2022-11-00, 20221101, Letnik:
61, Številka:
11
Journal Article
Sunscreen formulations have been developed to provide an artificial protective barrier against the deleterious effects of overexposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation in humans. Ultrafast pump-probe ...spectroscopy techniques have been an invaluable tool in recent years for determining the photochemistry of active ingredients in sunscreen formulations, predominantly UV filters, in both the gas- and solution-phases. These measurements have enabled the elucidation of molecular relaxation pathways and photoprotection mechanisms, which are in turn insightful for assessing a filter's photostability and suitability for sunscreen use. In this review, we discuss the benefits of a bottom-up approach: the progression from the study of UV filters for sunscreens in vacuum, away from the influences of any solvent; in solution, to investigate the relaxation pathways of potential sunscreen filters in closer to real-life conditions, whilst exploring the merits of selective functionalisation to improve their characteristics; and beyond, to current advances that are mimicking the application of sunscreen formulations to the surface of the skin.
Benzophenone-3 (BP-3), utilized as a UV filter in cosmetic products, is an emerging contaminant that constitutes a threat to natural resources and environmental health. This study investigated the ...assimilation of the UV filter BP-3 in Crassostrea gigas oysters collected in Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil. Lyophilized oyster tissue extracts were prepared using the QuEChERS method, and LC-MS/MS was employed to determine the BP-3 concentration in the samples. The method was applied to specimens intentionally exposed to two concentrations of the contaminant, for different periods of exposure (1 and 7 days). Samples from treatment 1 (T1) were exposed to a concentration of 1 μg L−1 of the BP-3 standard, and samples from treatment 2 (T2) were exposed to a concentration of 100 μg L−1 of the BP-3 standard. The results revealed rapid absorption of BP-3, with an increase of 126% for lower concentrations, reaching 1.13 μg of BP-3 per gram of oyster tissue, and 17% for higher concentrations, reaching 34.6 μg of BP-3 per gram of oyster tissue after 7 days. The presence of BP-3 even in samples not directly exposed to the contaminant indicates its widespread environmental distribution. The rapid bioaccumulation suggests the need to consider seasonal variations, such as increased tourism in the summer. The validated analytical method demonstrated efficacy in quantifying BP-3, providing an integrated approach for long-term monitoring of pollution levels and their dynamic variations over time. In addition, variation in BP-3 levels in the samples may be related to transport patterns influenced by tides and discharges from septic system, highlighting the need to improve wastewater treatment. These findings underscore the necessity for continuous biomonitoring and effective environmental management to safeguard the health of marine ecosystems and humans.
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•LC-MS/MS was optimized and validated for the extraction of analyte in oysters.•The recovery of the analyte was 89-101% confirming the accuracy of the method.•Benzophenone-3 was detected and quantified in the soft tissue of oysters.•Oysters are shown to be optimal biomonitors of benzophenone-3.
Sunscreen photoprotection and vitamin D status Passeron, T.; Bouillon, R.; Callender, V. ...
British journal of dermatology (1951),
November 2019, 2019-11-00, 20191101, Letnik:
181, Številka:
5
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Summary
Background
Global concern about vitamin D deficiency has fuelled debates on photoprotection and the importance of solar exposure to meet vitamin D requirements.
Objectives
To review the ...published evidence to reach a consensus on the influence of photoprotection by sunscreens on vitamin D status, considering other relevant factors.
Methods
An international panel of 13 experts in endocrinology, dermatology, photobiology, epidemiology and biological anthropology reviewed the literature prior to a 1‐day meeting in June 2017, during which the evidence was discussed. Methods of assessment and determining factors of vitamin D status, and public health perspectives were examined and consequences of sun exposure and the effects of photoprotection were assessed.
Results
A serum level of ≥ 50 nmol L−1 25(OH)D is a target for all individuals. Broad‐spectrum sunscreens that prevent erythema are unlikely to compromise vitamin D status in healthy populations. Vitamin D screening should be restricted to those at risk of hypovitaminosis, such as patients with photosensitivity disorders, who require rigorous photoprotection. Screening and supplementation are advised for this group.
Conclusions
Sunscreen use for daily and recreational photoprotection does not compromise vitamin D synthesis, even when applied under optimal conditions.
What's already known about this topic?
Knowledge of the relationship between solar exposure behaviour, sunscreen use and vitamin D is important for public health but there is confusion about optimal vitamin D status and the safest way to achieve this.
Practical recommendations on the potential impact of daily and/or recreational sunscreens on vitamin D status are lacking for healthy people.
What does this study add?
Judicious use of daily broad‐spectrum sunscreens with high ultraviolet (UV) A protection will not compromise vitamin D status in healthy people.
However, photoprotection strategies for patients with photosensitivity disorders that include high sun‐protection factor sunscreens with high UVA protection, along with protective clothing and shade‐seeking behaviour are likely to compromise vitamin D status.
Screening for vitamin D status and supplementation are recommended in patients with photosensitivity disorders.
Linked Comment: Bikle. Br J Dermatol 2019; 181:884.
Plain language summary available online
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