This study aimed to examine the effects of post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) on swim start performance and lower body power performance after different warm-up protocols. Ten male ...national-level swimmers performed three different warm-ups: (i) a swim-specific warm-up (SW, control protocol); (ii) PAPE (an experimental protocol); and (iii) SW followed by PAPE (SW + PAPE, an experimental protocol). PAPE consisted of performing three series of 5 drop jumps. A repeated-measures ANOVA showed significant differences between the protocols in the swim start performance (F = 8.89; P < 0.001) and countermovement jump (F = 2.22; P = 0.047). SW + PAPE induced greater improvements in swim start time to 15 m (ES = - 0.47, P = 0.017) and entry time (ES = - 1.83, P < 0.001), the countermovement jump reactive strength index modified (ES = - 1.83, P < 0.001), eccentric rate of force development (ES = 0.69, P = 0.047), and index of explosive strength (ES = 0.94, P = 0.005) compared to SW. The current findings of this study indicate that the drop jump PAPE protocol, in addition to SW, is an effective tool because it could improve athletes' capacity for a more efficient swim start and their countermovement jump performance. Furthermore, the results of this study indicate that PAPE induced by drop jumps could be time-efficient and practically applicable in facilities with limited resources.
Among gastropods, the ability to swim has developed independently several times, mostly among Heterobranchia. Only a few species of Caenogastropoda are known to have swimming adults. Velutinidae ...Gray, 1840, is a family of caenogastropods with a fragile shell enclosed by the mantle. The adults of this family are benthic and ectoparasites of ascidians. Here, we present the first recorded instance of a swimming velutinid, Marsenia cf. gemma, filmed in New Caledonia. The swim propulsion method was based on the movement of the snail’s foot, which followed a ∞-shaped curve. This first report changes our perspective on the biology of this family, unexpectedly placing it within the restricted group of swimming caenogastropods.
Este estudio comparó el efecto de dos modelos de periodización, el clásico de Matveev modificado (CMm) y el ATR durante 24 semanas en el desplazamiento de la curva de lactato (CVL) hacia la derecha y ...la velocidad de nado (VN) (m·s), mediante una investigación cuasi-experimental, CMm (n = 15) (16.00 ± .54 años; 1.65 ± .12 m; 55.00 ± 8.56 kg) y ATR (n = 15) (16.00 ± .44 años; 1.73 ± .05 m; 58.00 ± 4.28 kg). Para la evaluación de las concentraciones de lactato sanguíneo (CLS) mmol/L se emplearon el equipo Biosen S-Line Sport y el test cargas progresivas de 4x400 m en técnica de nado libre. Se evidenciaron diferencias entre los grupos en las VN (m·s) en todas las áreas funcionales (AFS) (Tamaño del efecto (TE) RI TE = 1.5, p = .03; RII TE= 1.6, p = .03; MVO2 TE= 1.6, p = .04; RC TE= 1.5 p = .04), pero, no se hallaron diferencias (p > .05) en el desplazamiento de CVL entre los grupos. A pesar de no existir diferencias significativas en la CVL se apreció una mejora en las VN (m·s), evidenciando que los nadadores fueron capaces de desarrollar una mayor VN (m·s) sin incrementar las CLS mmol/L, denotando un aumento de su capacidad aeróbica, lo que implica que ambos modelos tienen el potencial de desplazar la CVL hacia la derecha y mejorar la VN (m·s), a pesar de las diferencias metodológicas de dichos modelos. Palabras clave: curva de lactato, modelo de periodización, Matveev, ATR, natación. Abstract. This study compared the effect of two periodization models, the classic Matveev model is modified (CMm) and the ATR during 24 weeks on the rightward shift of the lactate curve (CVL) and swimming speed (SS) (m·s), through of quasi-experimental research, CMm (n = 15) (16.00 ± .54 years; 1.65 ± .12 m; 55.00 ± 8.56 kg) and ATR (n = 15) (16.00 ± .44 years; 1.73 ± .05 m; 58.00 ± 4.28kg). For the lactate blood testing concentrations (CLS) mmol/L, the Biosen S-Line Sports equipment, and the progressive load test of 4x400 m in the free-swimming technique was used. Differences were found between the groups in VN (m s) in all functional areas (AFS) (Effect size (TE) RI TE = 1.5, p = .03; RII TE = 1.6, p = .03; MVO2 ES= 1.6, p = .04; RC ES= 1.5, p = .04), no differences were found (p > .05) in the displacement of CVL between groups. Despite of the absence of significant differences in CVL, an improvement in SS was observed, it shows that swimmers were able to develop a greater SS without increasing CLS, denoting an increase in their aerobic capacity, which implies that both models have the potential to shift CVL to the right and to improve SS despite methodological differences in these models. Keywords: lactate curve; periodization model; Matveyev; ATR; swimming.
The study aimed to compare the validity of the 12x25L all-out test and the 8x25 all-out test in determining critical swimming speed (VC) in young swimmers. VC is an important indicator of aerobic ...capacity in swimmers. The traditional method of calculating VC involves regression analysis of swimming distances and times. The 12x25L all-out test has been proposed as a quicker alternative, but its validity has only been established in elite swimmers. This study compared VC values obtained from the 12x25L all-out test and the 8x25 all-out test with VC values calculated from maximal repetitions of 200m and 400m. The results showed that both the 12x25L and 8x25 all-out tests overestimated VC compared to the traditional method, especially in cadet swimmers. The inclusion of turn time in the traditional method may explain this discrepancy. Coaches of young swimmers should use the traditional method to calculate VC. Future research should investigate the metabolic impact of training series based on VC calculated from both methods.
The present study aimed to analyze the progression of speed and variability in the 100m and 200m freestyle events across different age groups in master swimming competitions. A total of 379 race ...times were obtained from a national master competition, with 230 from male participants and 149 from female participants. The swimming speed was calculated for each event and age group, and coefficients of variation were determined to interpret the variability across different age ranges. The results showed a general and expected trend of decreasing average swimming speed with increasing age in both distances and sexes. However, the decrease in speed was less noticeable in the 200m freestyle event. In fact, in the female category, the speed in the 200m event was sometimes higher than in the 100m event, indicating a lack of competitive level in certain age groups for the latter event. The coefficients of variation also showed an increasing trend with age, suggesting greater competitive variability as participants get older. This variability appeared to be higher in females than in males, indicating potential challenges in bringing together female swimmers of similar competitive levels in the same age group. This study serves as a starting point for a broader reflection on Portuguese master swimming and aims to stimulate the implementation of future strategies to improve this competitive space.
The study aimed to assess the effects of a specific respiratory muscle training (RMT) program on the performance of young swimmers. A total of 23 young swimmers were randomly divided into two groups: ...an experimental group (GE) that underwent both swimming and RMT training, and a control group (GC) that only underwent swimming training. Both groups followed the same swimming training program for 14 weeks. Before and after the intervention, all swimmers were evaluated for body composition, maximum inspiratory and expiratory pressures, apnea test, and maximum 200m and 400m freestyle tests. The RMT program consisted of 30 maximum inspirations with a resistance load of 60% of each participant's maximum inspiratory pressure, twice a day, six days a week. The results showed significant improvements in apnea performance and swimming time within the GE. Additionally, there were significant differences between the GE and GC in the 200m freestyle test. These findings suggest that the variables studied influence freestyle performance and that a specific RMT program can effectively improve performance in young swimmers.
The study aimed to compare the Critical Velocity (VC) calculated from a 10x25m all-out test with the traditional method using 200m and 400m distances, and to determine if VC changes after 7 weeks of ...predominantly aerobic training in young swimmers. A total of 18 national-level swimmers (9 males, 9 females) aged 14-17 years were evaluated before and after the training period. The 10x25m all-out test was performed with a 5-second rest interval, and VC10x25 was calculated as the average speed of the two slowest efforts. The VC400200 was calculated from the regression slope between the distances and corresponding times of the 200m and 400m efforts. Results showed that both VC10x25 and VC400200 increased after training, but VC10x25 significantly overestimated VC400200 at both time points. The study concluded that although the 10x25m all-out test is easily integrated into training sets, it cannot be used interchangeably with the method based on maximal efforts of 200m and 400m in young swimmers.
The influence of leg kicking on the 15m start time in youth and child swimmers was investigated. Previous studies have shown that the start time can represent up to 26.1% of the total race time and ...is related to the type of race. Regardless of the type of start used and the swimmers' characteristics, the start time can be used as an indicator of effectiveness. The study included 10 male regional-level swimmers, divided into infant and youth categories. The results showed significant differences in start time between categories when using 7 leg kicks. Adding leg kicks increased the time to initiate swimming and decreased the time to reach 15m. The infant swimmers had higher variability in time measurements compared to the youth swimmers. The study concludes that coaches and athletes should prioritize perfecting start techniques and consider individual characteristics when preparing for competition.
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