When Lou Henry married Herbert Hoover in February 1899, she looked
forward to a partnership of equality and a life of adventure. She
could fire a rifle and sit a horse as well as any man. The Quaker
...community of Whittier, California, where she lived as a teen,
reinforced the egalitarian spirit of her upbringing. But history
had other ideas for Lou Henry Hoover. For the first fifteen years
of married life, Lou globe-trotted with her husband as he pursued a
lucrative career in mining engineering and consulting. World War I
not only changed the map of the world, it changed the map of the
Hoovers' marriage. Herbert Hoover's Commission for the Relief of
Belgium launched him into a political career that led to the White
House. Lou, who detested the limelight, led a dual life: she
supported her husband's political career, managed their multiple
households, and saw to the needs of their family. Behind the
scenes, she pursued her own interests. History has long since
forgotten the breadth of her achievements, but Lou Henry Hoover's
powerful legacy endures in the ongoing success of the Girl Scouts,
the music and physical therapy degree programs at Stanford
University, athletic opportunities for women, and the countless
unknown men and women who received an education thanks to Lou's
anonymous financial support. Conveying Lou's humor, personality,
and intelligence, A Woman of Adventure takes a fresh look
at the first lady who preceded Eleanor Roosevelt and her
also-extraordinary accomplishments.
Durante el periodo de entreguerras se difundió en los Estados Unidos una profunda inquietud por las actividades de manipulación de la opinión pública. Ante la imposibilidad de aplicar medidas ...coercitivas concretas –ya que hubiesen sido inconstitucionales– el Congreso emprendió numerosas investigaciones legislativas sobre la labor propagandística de grupos subversivos, corporaciones privadas y agencias gubernamentales. El presente trabajo pretende reconstruir el clima en el que dichos comités fueron instituidos, analizando la forma en la que las ansiedades populares de aquel periodo influyeron en su modus operandi y en los resultados que presentaron ante las cámaras legislativas y los medios de comunicación.
China's economic policy and its huge capabilities operate according to an expansion strategy, especially in investing foreign projects, as the past ten years have witnessed a major development in the ...elements of comprehensive strength, especially in the economic field, in 2014 China launched the largest initiative in the world, represented by the Belt and Road Project (BRI), which links nearly 70 countries, through this project, a very important region has emerged, which is (the port of cadres) in Pakistan, as China has headed towards that region and given the highest importance that is in its interest in the first place regardless of the great Pakistani interest, This is consistent with its future aspirations, especially after breaking the economic monopoly of the West, specifically (the United States), as it is a force in a state of decline and is no longer the dominant force economically. Which, in turn, led to the generation of an obsession with fear of this power and what it poses from a potential threat to the entire global economy, and what it seeks in the future to employ cadres not only to develop its economy and compete with other countries commercially , rather it takes another place aimed at increasing the Chinese military presence in the region, especially as China continues to work to develop everything available to its pioneering path in the international system in order to distinguish China as a major country and perhaps a superpower.
•Retaining more damage by a yeast cell during the early divisions increases the number of healthy daughters in the population.•A rapid decrease in the efficiency of damage retention, at the time when ...the mother cell is almost exhausted, produces fewer daughters with high levels of damage.•Fluctuations in the cost function allow yeast cell to continuously vary its strategy, suggesting that optimal reproduction success is a local minimum of the cost function.
During cytokinesis in budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) damaged proteins are distributed asymmetrically between the daughter and the mother cell. Retention of damaged proteins is a crucial mechanism ensuring a healthy daughter cell with full replicative potential and an ageing mother cell. However, the protein quality control (PQC) system is tuned for optimal reproduction success which suggests optimal health and size of the population, rather than long-term survival of the mother cell. Modelling retention of damage as an adaptable mechanism, we propose two damage retention strategies to find an optimal way of decreasing damage retention efficiency to maximize population size and minimize the damage in the individual yeast cell. A pedigree model is used to investigate the impact of small variations in the strategies over the whole population. These impacts are based on the altruistic effects of damage retention mechanism and are measured by a cost function whose minimum value provides the optimal health and size of the population. We showed that fluctuations in the cost function allow yeast cell to continuously vary its strategy, suggesting that optimal reproduction success is a local minimum of the cost function. Our results suggest that a rapid decrease in the efficiency of damage retention, at the time when the mother cell is almost exhausted, produces fewer daughters with high levels of damaged proteins. In addition, retaining more damage during the early divisions increases the number of healthy daughters in the population.
The United States of America Code of Ethics for Counseling (ACA) has specific epistemological fundamentals and ideological assumptions that the assessment and analysis of it is very important. ACA is ...one of the most famous codes which is a model for many other codes of ethics in other countries; thus, it is very significant to discover its structure and epistemological themes in order to identify the main tendency of other codes and their shortages. In other words, searching the general soul of this Code and finding its theoretical background and cultural-attitudinal assumptions can be useful to formulate other countries' codes of ethics, including our own country, and avoid repeating some possible mistakes. As a result, the main question is as follows: what are the epistemological basis and cultural-attitudinal assumptions of ACA? This study tries to identify the cultural and ideological background of this Code and its shortages. Given that a psychological issue is not apart from a religious and ethical issue and there is an internal unity in them, some of the key ethical recommendations are studied. The epistemological foundation of this Code is based on some assumptions and understandings of Western liberalism about human's nature, denial or neglect of human's spiritual and transcendental dimension, as well as individualism in the method of cognition. Therefore, while a core criticism is presented about the epistemological and methodological foundations of this Code, its structural elements are mentioned.
The article discusses how the United States of America has contributed to the security of Central and Eastern Europe, both politically and militarily, since the end of the Cold War, using Poland’s ...example. It shows that the United States committed itself to the security of both Poland and the region, following the collapse of communism in Poland in 1989, albeit to a varying degree in different countries. America played a pivotal role in NATO enlargement in the 1990s, and in extending security assurances to Poland, Hungary, and the Czech Republic, as well as to other countries in the subsequent years. It has continued to assist Poland with its defence reform, thus enhancing its military capabilities. It was also instrumental in strengthening NATO’s eastern flank after 2014, a salient point on Poland’s security agenda since it acceded to the Alliance. It is argued that American political and military involvement in Poland’s security has been both substantial and beneficial, and there is a real need for continued political and military cooperation with the USA and its presence in the region. In the article, the determinants of Poland’s post-Cold War security policy are outlined. Next, the roles that both countries have played in each other’s policies are explained. After that, the US contribution to Poland’s security, both in the political and military spheres, is presented. Finally, an attempt is made to evaluate American involvement, and the author’s perspective on the future of the Poland-US cooperation is offered.
Mitochondria are vital in providing cellular energy via their oxidative phosphorylation system, which requires the coordinated expression of genes encoded by both the nuclear and mitochondrial ...genomes (mtDNA). Transcription of the circular mammalian mtDNA depends on a single mitochondrial RNA polymerase (POLRMT). Although the transcription initiation process is well understood, it is debated whether POLRMT also serves as the primase for the initiation of mtDNA replication. In the nucleus, the RNA polymerases needed for gene expression have no such role. Conditional knockout of Polrmt in the heart results in severe mitochondrial dysfunction causing dilated cardiomyopathy in young mice. We further studied the molecular consequences of different expression levels of POLRMT and found that POLRMT is essential for primer synthesis to initiate mtDNA replication in vivo. Furthermore, transcription initiation for primer formation has priority over gene expression. Surprisingly, mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) exists in an mtDNA-free pool in the Polrmt knockout mice. TFAM levels remain unchanged despite strong mtDNA depletion, and TFAM is thus protected from degradation of the AAA(+) Lon protease in the absence of POLRMT. Last, we report that mitochondrial transcription elongation factor may compensate for a partial depletion of POLRMT in heterozygous Polrmt knockout mice, indicating a direct regulatory role of this factor in transcription. In conclusion, we present in vivo evidence that POLRMT has a key regulatory role in the replication of mammalian mtDNA and is part of a transcriptional mechanism that provides a switch between primer formation for mtDNA replication and mitochondrial gene expression.
Since the beginning of the sixteenth century, the island of Malta has represented one of the most important countries and islands allied to Britain in the Mediterranean basin, after it extended its ...influence to it, and made it one of the strategic military bases in its expansionist policy and for many centuries, and after World War II and the emergence of the so-called socialist and capitalist camps or It is also expressed in the eastern camp represented by the Warsaw Pact led by the Soviet Union, and the western camp represented by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization led by the United States of America and its ally Britain, and with the increase in the importance of the Middle East region, and the flow of oil in it in commercial quantities, the importance of the island of Malta for Britain has increased, so it sought with all its diplomatic efforts To conclude a set of military agreements, alliances and treaties, and as a result of the importance of these agreements in directing the compass of Britain’s foreign policy, we had the desire to discuss the topic (British-Maltese relations in light of the bilateral military agreement 1971). The subject of the research was divided into an introduction and two sections. In the introduction, we discussed briefly the British control of the important sea lanes, which represented one of its strategic goals, and how it imposed its control over those lanes for many centuries. As for the first topic, it was due to the research necessity of several axes. The first axis was discussed The most important reasons that prompted the Maltese government to sign the bilateral military agreement with Britain, and one of the most prominent of those reasons was the political and social role of the Roman Catholic Church, and then economic factors and their impact on the signing of the agreement, and with regard to the second axis, it was about the signing of the bilateral military agreement in July 1971. The third axis discussed the terms of the agreement, which were in its entirety in the interest of the Maltese government, and the second topic talked about the position of the NATO countries on that agreement, especially the British government and the American administration.
Red blood cell volume (RBCV) is a main determinant of cardiorespiratory fitness in healthy individuals. However, it remains controversial to what extent exercise training (ExT) enhances RBCV. ...Therefore, we sought to systematically review and determine the effect of ExT on RBCV in healthy individuals across all ages. We conducted a systematic search of MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science, since their inceptions until February 2016 for articles assessing the effect of ExT interventions (not including hypoxic training) on blood volumes in healthy individuals. A meta‐analysis was performed to determine the mean difference (MD) in RBCV between post‐ and pre‐ExT measurements. Thirty studies were included after systematic review, comprising a total of 299 healthy individuals (mean age = 19–71 years, 271 males). Exercise training programs primarily consisted in lower limb endurance training interventions (mean duration = 15.2 weeks). After data pooling, RBCV was not increased following ExT (MD = 49 mL, 95% CI = −11, 108; P = 0.11). In subgroup analyses, RBCV was increased after ExT in young and middle‐aged individuals (mean age <60 year) (n = 106, MD = 81 mL, 95% CI = 0, 162; P < 0.05) but not in older study participants (mean age ≥60 year) (n = 110, MD = 13 mL, 95% CI = −76, 102; P = 0.77). Heterogeneity was not detected among studies in young and middle‐aged (I2 = 0%) and older individuals (I2 = 0%). In conclusion, RBCV is moderately, yet consistently, enhanced by ExT in young and middle‐aged but not in older healthy individuals. Therefore, RBCV adaptations to ExT appear to be age dependent.
PDF
