"The book traces the beginnings, development, and demise of a unique program of mobile camps for Senior Girl Scouts in the American Southwest between the years 1947 and 1957. In addition to a history ...of the program, it features trip itineraries and selected memories from the nearly 300 girls who went through the program of two week caravan camps, each covering roughly 1200 miles of the northern Southwest. Girl Scouts visited National Parks and Monuments,and many other points of scientific and scenic interest,and often they returned for several seasons to see and learn yet more. The camps were led by Dr. Bertha Dutton, curator at the Museum of New Mexico and Associate in Archaeology at the School of American Research (now the School for Advanced Research), Santa Fe. They were jointly sponsored by Girl Scouts of the United States of America and the Museum and the School. Dutton was well versed in the Indigenous, Hispanic, and American her
There is a current debate as to whether Australia can join the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons ('TPNW') and remain party to the Security Treaty between Australia, New Zealand and the ...United States of America ('ANZUS'). The debate centres around the fact that if Australia were to join the TPNW it would have to give up its policy of extended nuclear deterrence and the support it provides to US nuclear activities via the Joint Defence Facility at Pine Gap. There is a strong argument that ANZUS has evolved to require Australia's participation in such nuclear-related security activities. This article explores whether Australia could in fact give up such activities in order to join the TPNW and nevertheless remain in compliance with ANZUS.
There is a current debate as to whether Australia can join the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons ('TPNW') and remain party to the Security Treaty between Australia, New Zealand and the ...United States of America ('ANZUS'). The debate centres around the fact that if Australia were to join the TPNW it would have to give up its policy of extended nuclear deterrence and the support it provides to US nuclear activities via the Joint Defence Facility at Pine Gap. There is a strong argument that ANZUS has evolved to require Australia's participation in such nuclear-related security activities. This article explores whether Australia could in fact give up such activities in order to join the TPNW and nevertheless remain in compliance with ANZUS.
In 1905 Rev. Francis Clement Kelley founded the Catholic Church Extension Society of the United States of America. Drawing attention to the common link of religion, Kelley proclaimed the Extension ...Society's duty to be that of preventing American Protestant missionaries, public school teachers, and others from separating people from their natural faith, Catholicism. Though domestic evangelization was its founding purpose, the Extension Society eventually expanded beyond the national border into Mexico in an attempt to solidify a hemispheric Catholic identity.
Exploring international, racial, and religious implications, Anne M. Martínez'sCatholic Borderlandsexamines Kelley's life and actions, including events at the beginning of the twentieth century that prompted four exiled Mexican archbishops to seek refuge with the Archdiocese of Chicago and befriend Kelley. This relationship inspired Kelley to solidify a commitment to expanding Catholicism in Mexico, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines in response to the national plan of Protestantization, which was indiscreetly being labeled as "Americanization." Kelley's cause intensified as the violence of the Mexican Revolution and the Cristero Rebellion reverberated across national borders. Kelley's work with the U.S. Catholic Church to intervene in Mexico helped transfer cultural ownership of Mexico from Spain to the United States, thus signaling that Catholics were considered not foreigners but heirs to the land of their Catholic forefathers.
Desenvolve narrativa sobre o autogoverno nas suas origens culturais e como ele foi moldado durante as etapas de Confederação e na instalação da Federação na América, para se tornar valor fundante da ...Democracia no país. Procede, então, apanhado de eventos ao dialogar com documentação primária e historiografia especializada. Ao analisar texto e história relativamente à era dos Founding Fathers, o estudo propõe discutir como o sentido de autogoverno sofreu transformações ao longo da trajetória política dos Estados Unidos da América. Por meio deste artigo, se faz balanço de referências acerca do avanço das abordagens epistemológicas da História do Direito Constitucional. O neotextualismo se destaca, na medida em que opera proposição hermenêutica a levar em conta as circunstâncias reais e a linguagem jurídica. A reflexão sobre lei e sociedade é princípio norteador da pesquisa jurídica. O artigo identifica os perigos de o autogoverno local subverter o sentido de democracia e associa autogoverno à Teoria Biopolítica e à reflexão sobre o “cuidado de si”, elaboradas por Michel Foucault. Conclui que autogoverno e democracia são valores constitucionais de base, sendo que aquele precede a este.
The article analyses the struggle of Anglo-American relations connected to slaves and maritime rights on the sea from 1831 to 1842. The study is based on monographs, reports, treaties and ...correspondences between the two countries from the explosion of the Comet case in 1831 to the signing of the Webster–Ashburton treaty in 1842. This study focuses on three fundamental issues: the appearance of Comet, Encomium, Enterprise, Hermosa and Creole as international incidents with regards to British-American relations; the view of both countries on the abolition of slavery, maritime rights as well as the dispute over issues to resolve arising from these incidents; the results of British-American diplomacy to release slaves and maritime rights after the signing of the Webster–Ashburton treaty. The study found that the American slave ships were special cases in comparison with the previous controversies in bilateral relations. The American slave vessels sailed to the British colonies due to bad weather conditions and a slave rebellion on board. In fact, Great Britain and the United States had never dealt with a similar case, so both sides failed to find a unified view regarding the differences in the laws and policies of the two countries on slavery. The history of British-American relations demonstrated that under the pressures of the border dispute in Maine and New Brunswick, the affairs were not resolved. In addition, it could have had more of an impact on the relationship between the two countries, eventually p the two countries into a war. In that situation, the diplomatic and economic solutions given to the abolition of slavery and maritime rights were only temporary. However, the international affairs related to the American slave vessels paved the way for the settlement of maritime rights for British-American relations in the second half of 19th century.
The United States of America is not only an important energy consuming country, but also in the dominant position of energy for many years. As one of the two largest emitters, the US has always been ...trying to register a decline in energy-related CO2. In order to make a further analysis of the phenomenon, we choose a new decoupling analysis with the multilevel logarithmic mean Divisia index (LMDI) method. This study examined the contribution of factors influencing energy-related carbon emissions in the United States of America during 1990-2014, quantitatively analyzed decoupling indicators of economic development and environmental situations. As is indicated in the results, economy development and activities have a significant effect in increasing carbon emission, however, measures of energy optimization such as the improvement of energy efficiency has played a crucial role in inhibiting the carbon dioxide emission. Furthermore, as is indicated in decoupling relationship, "relative decoupling" and "no decoupling" are the main states during the examined period. In order to better investigate the long-run equilibrium relationship between total carbon dioxide emissions of each effect and the relationship between CO2 emissions and economic growth, on the basis of a static decomposition analysis, we applied a dynamic analysis method-cointegration test. At last, recommendations and improvement measures aiming at the related issues were put forward.
Venona Haynes, John Earl; Klehr, Harvey
04/1999
eBook
Only in 1995 did the United States government officially reveal the existence of the super-secret Venona Project. For nearly fifty years American intelligence agents had been decoding thousands of ...Soviet messages, uncovering an enormous range of espionage activities carried out against the United States during World War II by its own allies. So sensitive was the project in its early years that even President Truman was not informed of its existence. This extraordinary book is the first to examine the Venona messages-documents of unparalleled importance for our understanding of the history and politics of the Stalin era and the early Cold War years.Hidden away in a former girls' school in the late 1940s, Venona Project cryptanalysts, linguists, and mathematicians attempted to decode more than twenty-five thousand intercepted Soviet intelligence telegrams. When they cracked the unbreakable Soviet code, a breakthrough leading eventually to the decryption of nearly three thousand of the messages, analysts uncovered information of powerful significance: the first indication of Julius Rosenberg's espionage efforts; references to the espionage activities of Alger Hiss; startling proof of Soviet infiltration of the Manhattan Project to build the atomic bomb; evidence that spies had reached the highest levels of the U.S. State and Treasury Departments; indications that more than three hundred Americans had assisted in the Soviet theft of American industrial, scientific, military, and diplomatic secrets; and confirmation that the Communist party of the United States was consciously and willingly involved in Soviet espionage against America. Drawing not only on the Venona papers but also on newly opened Russian and U. S. archives, John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr provide in this book the clearest, most rigorously documented analysis ever written on Soviet espionage and the Americans who abetted it in the early Cold War years.
Communists and Community seeks to reframe the traditional chronology of the Communist Party in the United States as a means to better understand the change that occurred in community activism in the ...mid-twentieth century. Ryan Pettengill argues that Popular Front activism continued to flourish throughout the war years and into the postwar period. In Detroit, where there was a critical mass of heavy industry, Communist Party activists mobilized support for civil rights and affordable housing, brought attention to police brutality, sought protection for the foreign-born, and led a movement for world peace. Communists and Community demonstrates that the Communist Party created a social space where activists became effective advocates for the socioeconomic betterment of a multiracial work force. Pettengill uses Detroit as a case study to examine how communist activists and their sympathizers maintained a community to enhance the quality of life for the city's working class. He investigates the long-term effects of organized labor's decision to force communists out of the unions and abandon community-based activism. Communists and Community recounts how leftists helped workers, people of color, and other under-represented groups became part of the mainstream citizenry in America.
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