According to Darwin's theory of evolution, John Dewey wanted to change the way we look at the world around us. In the pre-modern days, he strived to achieve the promise of modernity, which was ...progress and advancement in all fields. Dewey not only foresaw such a step, but also studied the way through it. In this article, we begin with the years when Dewey was an ardent Christian, and deal with the time when he became fascinated with the evolutionary sciences and developed his theory of "experience" with a rationalist approach. According to Dewey's naturalistic approach to man, we are confronted with religious experiences that, in the evolutionary process, are a response to basic human needs and have emerged in the context of different cultures in the form of different religions. In Dewey's view, "religious experience" is a personal dream of man. God, the Hereafter, religion and supernatural things are of this kind. These things are born of human exchange and adaptation to his environment. So for Dewey, there are no other worlds and worlds with different levels or parallel worlds that have recently been expressed on the basis of scientific hypotheses. Spirituality, religion and morality are all natural, experimental, real and of course valuable. Dewey considers man as an organism among millions of other living beings and in connection with them, and deals with the application and function of religious experiences in daily life.
Time of visible life on earth began before “thought” and perception of “Belief Systems”. When Erwin Schrödinger asked “What is life?” he was facing out into life. He did not ask “What is death?” as ...might have done a philosopher facing into life―inwards towards death. With the increasing power of man, over time, to provide himself with all that he wanted ; with increased knowledge ; and with material progress ; ratio and science in general, took to concentrating on the mathematically expressible properties of the universe―size, shape, motion, material, change―the “real world”. Questions considering the purpose of life ; what makes life of value or worth living, of beauty, love, identity, the human nexus (bonding), of “Being” were left to men of religion or to philosophers.Further, the acceleration of technology (applied knowledge), the world of Dirac’s quantum and mental models, proliferation of nuclear resources, and arguments that human beings are imperiling their own survival, urges reflection on the “middle ground” between Science and Religion―the “No-Man’s Land” ―that is the interest of this paper. Jung’s axiom that “Death is not the end” at least offers us continuity with Schrödinger’s problem, advanced now into reflections on Mind ; What is Mind? Is Consciousness eternal or instrumental in Mind? Is Intuition real? Wherein lies Faith? Have we already witnessed the “Power of the Negative” in the Stress Burden that contemporary life exacts, and How shall man go from Jung’s “valley” (Ego) ―war, tragedy, loss of life, agony to the “mountain top” (Self) where men―we ourselves―may face our collective unconsciousness?Anyone who believes that we can fully explain how the immaterial human mind is related to the material body is not fully informed.
The necessity of explicating metatheoretical assumptions regarding the view on reality in cientific practical theological research This article is the second in the research project “Metatheoretical ...assumptions in Practical Theology”. In this project – as indicated in the previous article − a group of reformed theologians is elucidating and discussing their metatheoretical and other perspectives regarding research in Practical Theology. In this article the necessity to explain metatheoretical assumptions concerning a view on reality, is discussed from a reformed perspective. The practical theological implications of a view on reality with its roots in the sixteenth-century protestant Reformation are critically compared with an alternative view on reality in the contemporary context which focuses more on the horizontal dimension of the action events taking place in praxis. This comparison is done with a view to responding to this alternative view in a responsible way. Essential characteristics of the sixteenth-century reformed view on reality seem to be its Scripture-determined vision and theocentric focus as well as the way in which human life and actions are represented as reflections of the “imago Dei”. The need to critically reflect on these characteristics and to newly align this view on reality with respect to challenges posed in the contemporary context, is explored.
Background
This paper is based on a theological symposium presented at the International Xenotransplantation Association's 14th Congress held in Baltimore, MD, September, 2017.
Methods
The ...information explores the Jewish, Christian and Muslim theological perceptions and perspectives about cross‐species (ie pig‐to‐human) organ transplantation, the genetic alterations required in the organ‐source pig, and their potential to influence individual acceptance of the procedure.
Results/Conclusions
This work should not be considered as the ultimate word about individual theological views, but rather as part of an ongoing conversation that will hopefully lead to wider consideration and exploration of these issues as xenotransplantation science advances towards clinical trials.
Xenotransplantation, transplanting animal organs into humans, may offer a solution to the shortage of organs for transplantation. This would increase the chances for scheduled, elective ...transplantation, even for patients currently ineligible for receiving a human organ. However, xenotransplantation raises specific ethical and philosophical issues, that is, a personal identification of the body parts with the soul and spirit, the relationships between humans and animals, and challenges related to issues of medical and social ethics. The three monotheistic religions have laws and perspectives pertaining to xenotransplantation. This scholarly review examines the theology and viewpoints of the three monotheistic religions and their concerns regarding xenotransplantation (interspecies) in terms of religious‐legal rulings, the ethical considerations related to the procedure, through religious scriptures and rulings of scholars of the three faith communities. This review should be viewed as a continuation of an extensive investigation of these issues, as the field of transplantation advances toward clinical trials. It was found that there are no fundamental religious reasons presented by any of the three religions to prohibit the use of animal organs as a means of treating severe and life‐threatening conditions. However, there are certain limitations prescribed by each religion relating to the treatment of the animals and the choice of organs to be transplanted.
A PROPHETIC STUDY ON EARTHQUAKE Tasmin Tangngareng; Hasbullah Hasbullah
Jurnal Adabiyah (Online),
12/2019, Letnik:
19, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The phenomenon of earthquakes has become part of human’s dark story within the history of the past people, in the current millennial era and it will still apply even to the end of the world. This ...article will discuss a study of earthquakes contained in the hadith of the Prophet (peace be upon him). In the history of prophethood, this phenomenon has occurred in Medina and even repeatedly experienced by the Prophet p.b.u.h. together with his faithful companions. The complex discourse will come to vision with the implementation of two contrasting technical dialogues on the subject, namely those of the theological and the scientific views. The complexity of the convergence of the two lies in the detail that each had a circumstance in the prophetic era and is mentioned in the words of the Prophet p.b.u.h. The theological view believes that an earthquake is a punishment from the Creator owing to the decadence of morality in a society, whereas in a scientific perspective, an earthquake occurs because of the shift of the earth’s plate which results in vibrations. Additionally, in the theological perspective, earthquakes are seen as parts of eschatology since there is a sign of their occurrence in the future mentioned in the hadith of the Prophet p.b.u.h. As for the theory of science, it is supported by the message of the Prophet p.b.u.h. that there is a geographical area with a high potential of earthquake strikes. Thus the discourse of the earthquake which has become a part of people’s lives, as is also mentioned in the Prophet’s hadith, will certainly come to pass for two main reasons, firstly it is related to the normative theological perspective and secondly, it is in accordance with the scientific studies. ملخص أصبحت ظاهرة الزلزال جزءًا من الجانب المظلم من حياة الناس، في تاريخ الشعوب السابقة حتى عصر الألفية الحالي وحتى يوم القيامة. سوف يناقش هذا المقال دراسة الزلازل الواردة في حديث النبي الكريم، وقد حدثت هذه الظاهرة في التاريخ النبوي في المدينة المنورة بل مرارًا وتكرارًا من قِبل النبي الكريم. مع الاصدقاء. سوف يولد خطاب معقد مع التناقض بين اثنين من الحوارات العلمية، وهما الرؤية اللاهوتية والنهج العلمي. تعقيد تقارب كل منهم له مصدر حدث في العصر النبوي أو مذكور في كلمات الرسول. وجهة النظر اللاهوتية تعتقد أن الزلزال كعقوبة من الخالق كان سببه الضرر المعنوي للمجتمع. بينما في منظور علمي، تحدث الزلازل بسبب تحول لوحات الأرض التي تسبب الاهتزاز. لا يزال في نظر اللاهوت، أصبح الزلزال جزءا من الاعتقاد في الغيب لأنه كان هناك علامة في الحديث النبوي. أن الزلزال سيحدث في المستقبل، في حين أن وجهة النظر العلمية تدعمها رسالة النبي. أن هناك منطقة جغرافية معرضة للزلازل. وهكذا يمكن أن يحدث خطاب الزلزال الذي تندمج مع الحياة المجتمعية في خطاب الحديث بالتأكيد لسببين رئيسيين، يتعلقان باللاهوت المعياري ولا يمكن فصلهما عن الدراسات العلمية. الكلمات المفتاحية: الحديث ، الزلزال ، الآراء اللاهوتية والعلمية Fenomena gempa bumi telah menjadi bagian dari sisi kelam kehidupan masyarakat, baik dalam sejarah umat-umat terdahulu sampai era milenial sekarang dan bahkan hingga menjelan hari kiamat. Artikel ini akan membahas sebuah studi gempa bumi yang terdapat dalam hadis Nabi saw., dalam sejarah kenabian fenomena ini pernah terjadi di Madinah bahkan berkali-kali dialami oleh Nabi saw. bersama dengan para sahabat. Jenis penelitian ini tergolong kualitatif dengan menggunakan pendekatan ilmu hadis, teologi, sosio-historis dan saintifik. Diskursus yang rumit pun akan lahir dengan pertentangan antara dua dialog keilmuan, yaitu pandangan teologi dengan pendekatan ilmiah (saintifik). Kerumitan konvergensi keduanya masing-masing mempunyai embrio yang pernah terjadi di era kenabian maupun disebut dalam sabda Sang Rasul. Pandangan teologi meyakini bahwa gempa sebagai azab dari Sang Pencipta disebabkan karena dekadansi moralitas dalam sebuah masyarakat. Sedangkan dalam perspektif saintis, gempa terjadi karena pergeseran lempeng bumi yang mengakibatkan sebuah getaran. Masih dalam pandangan teologi, gempa bumi menjadi bagian dari eskatologi karena terdapat sebuah isyarat dalam hadis Nabi saw. bahwa gempa akan terjadi di masa yang akan datang, sementara pandangan sains yang didukung oleh pesan Nabi saw. bahwa terdapat sebuah daerah geografis yang rawan terjadi gempa bumi. Dengan demikian wacana gempa bumi yang telah menyatu dengan kehidupan masyarakat dalam diskursus hadis dapat dipastikan terjadi karena dua sebab pokok, berkaitan dengan teologi-normatif dan tidak terlepas dengan kajian ilmu pengetahuan (saitifik). Kata Kunci: Hadis, gempa bumi, pandangan teologi dan saintifik
Utilizing a sample of 281 sexual minorities who reported having had or currently experiencing distress about their sexual orientation, we examined participants' ratings of perceived helpfulness of 33 ...methods for addressing this distress found in the literature. We examined these methods for both the full sample, between those who did or did not identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, or other (LGB+), and between three theologically different groups: theologically conservative (TC), theologically nonconservative (TNC), and nontheological (NT). Findings from the full sample indicated methods that promoted acceptance of or were neutral toward same-sex sexuality were consistently perceived to be helpful while aversive cognitive and behavioral techniques were reliably rated as somewhat to moderately harmful. Thirteen methods were rated as helpful by all subgroups. Other methods displayed much greater variability in their ratings. These methods mostly reflected religiously motivated intentions to live in congruence with religious values by restricting and otherwise discouraging same-sex attractions and behavior. However, an examination of group differences between participants who were LGB+-identified and those who were not revealed these methods tended to be perceived as mildly to somewhat harmful for the LGB+-identified group but mildly to somewhat helpful for those not identified as LGB+. Participants reporting a TC perspective often reported more helpfulness for these methods than TNC participants, who in turn reported less harmfulness than NT participants. We close with a discussion about the implications of these findings for the provision of clinical care, the conducting of research, and the development of public policy.
Ground‐ of‐Being Theologies Wildman, Wesley J
The Oxford Handbook of Religion and Science,
04/2008
Book Chapter
This article deals with a complex family of theological viewpoints, collected under the name ‘ground-of-being’ theologies. It discusses their relationship to various forms of theism, their shared ...themes, and their connections with the natural sciences. Ground-of-being theologies have in common two important negations: they deny that ultimate reality is a determinate entity, and they deny that the universe is ontologically self-explanatory. The positive formulations of ground-of-being theologies vary. Ground-of-being theologies are important, because their denial that ultimate reality is a determinate entity establishes a valuable theological contrast with determinate entity theisms such as personal theism and process theism – two ideas of God prominent both in modern theology and in the contemporary science–religion dialogue.
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