Oral films perform promising alternatives to traditional oral delivery systems to carry and deliver bioactive compounds directly into the oral cavity. The objective of this work was to produce and ...evaluate oral films based on carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and pregelatinized starch incorporated with ethanolic extract from camu‐camu industrial residue (EECCIR). Although all films can be ingested without causing irritation to the oral mucosa, due to near‐neutral surface pH, the starch‐based oral films with and without the addition of EECCIR showed reduced tensile strength (5.48 ± 0.97 MPa) indicating inferior mechanical properties to films based on CMC and HPMC. The CMC films, in addition to shorter disintegration time (50 ± 5 s), showed faster release, about 70% of phenolic compounds in 10 min and 100% in 30 min. As for the release profile, the application of the Korsmeyer and Peppas and Peppas and Sahlin models allowed to better understand the mechanisms involved in the release of phenolic compounds. Although all three oral film formulations can be used as carriers of active compounds from the ethanolic extract of the camu‐camu residue, the oral films based on CMC incorporated with EECCIR showed greater potential.
•NIRS was applied to predict total anthocyanins content (TAC) and total phenolic compounds (TPC) in wax jambu fruit.•The PLS analysis for quantitative prediction of both parameters gave excellent ...accuracy values.•For TAC, PLS model produced prediction accuracy (rp=0.98, RMSECV=7.56mgL−1, RMSEP=9.0mgL−1 and RPD=5.19).•For TPC, PLS model produced prediction accuracy (rp=0.94, RMSECV=19.01mgL−1, RMSEP=22.18mgL−1 and RPD=3.27).
The aim of this work was to develop an analytical method to predict total anthocyanins content (TAC) and total phenolic compounds (TPC) in intact wax jambu fruit Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merryl et Perry using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and partial least squares (PLS). The estimation accuracy was based on parameters such as root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP), correlation coefficients calibration (rc) and prediction (rp) set and ratio of performance to deviation (RPD). TAC, rp=0.98, RMSEP=9.0mgL−1 and RPD=5.19 were attained using second derivative pre-treatment. TPC, rp=0.94, RMSEP=22.18 (mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/100g) and RPD=3.27 (excellent accuracy) were also obtained using second derivative pre-treatment. These findings suggest that the NIRS and PLS algorithms can be used to determine TCA and TPC in intact wax jambu fruit.
Different kinds of catalysts have a great influence on the characteristics and products of the biomass catalytic pyrolysis. Catalysts of Cu/C, Pd/C, PdAg and H-Zeolites socony mobil #5 (HZSM-5) were ...selected and characterized by the X-ray diffraction (XRD) and field-emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM). Decomposition behaviors of the larch catalytic pyrolysis were studied by the thermogravimetric analyzer (TG). The total carboxylic acids (TCAs) and total phenolic compounds (TPCs) in bio-oil were determined using the non-aqueous potentiometric titration method. The chemical distribution of bio-oil was investigated by the gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Results showed that the temperature of the maximum weight loss rate of larch was decreased by adding these four catalysts. The carbon residue rate was increased by using HZSM-5. The content of GC-detected phenols increased from 25.28% to 35.11% (area) by adding Pd/C. However, TCAs in bio-oil were decreased sharply with PdAg and Pd/C. HZSM-5 promoted the formation of phenols and enhanced TPCs in bio-oils (26.56 wt%), which increased by approximately 35% compared to that from the non-catalytic pyrolysis process. This phenol-rich bio-oil can be used to replace the traditional phenol for the manufacturing of high-value biomaterials.
•Catalysts had a positive effect on decreasing pyrolysis temperature.•GC-detected phenols in bio-oil increased from 25.28% to 35.11% (area) using Pd/C.•HZSM-5 enhanced the content of total phenolic compounds in bio-oil (26.56 wt%).
•New colorimetric Spots for total phenolic compounds (TPCs).•Fast and reliable digital-image based (DIB) method.•Application to TPCs determination in tea and fruits.•Comparison to the reference ...Folin-Ciocalteu method.
The present work describes a novel and rapid approach for evaluating total phenolic compounds (TPCs) in tea and fruits using colorimetric spots and the digital image-based (DIB) method. Colorimetric spots were formed by reacting diazotized aminobenzenes namely sulfanilic acid, sulfanilamide, or aniline with TPCs in the extract to form an azo dye. The limit of detection (LOD) was 6.5, 5.5, or 5.1 mg GAE (gallic acid equivalent) L−1 and the analytical range was 25–500, 20–500, or 18–200 mg GAE L−1, respectively. Correlation with the Folin-Ciocalteu assay was significant (Pearson coefficient, R = 0.970–0.991) while the antioxidant activity assay was moderate to high (R = 0.737–0.977). The method developed was successfully applied to the analysis of tea and fruits and showed RSD (n = 3) not exceeding 9.6, 8.5, and 9.7%, respectively. Ecologically, the DIB method developed could determine the variation of TPCs within cultivars and was found to be strongly dependent on the growing environment.
Bee pollen has been promoted as a dietary supplement for humans due to its nutritional and bioactive properties. Sixty-two samples of Apis mellifera dehydrated bee pollen collected in Brazil (eight ...states and Federal District) were analyzed for phenolic compounds, flavonoids, antioxidant activity using DPPH, β-carotene and ORAC methods, and antimicrobial activity. The values obtained for total phenolic compounds ranged from 12.60 to 84.22 mg GAE/g bee pollen while total flavonoids oscillated between 1.90 and 36.85 mg quercetin/g bee pollen. The IC
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ranged from 0.35 to 13.42 mg bee pollen/mL of extract. The inhibition percentages ranged from 52.58 to 98.37% of bee pollen extract using the β-carotene method. When measured by the ORAC method, antioxidant activity was between 132.98 and 575.85 μmols eq. Trolox/g bee pollen. Bee pollen efficiently inhibited the growth of all the microorganisms studied. Candida albicans was the most resistant, while Staphylococcus epidermides was the most sensitive.
•Photodegradation of olive oil mill wastewaters is a viable solution for its treatment.•TiO2 is an effective catalyst in heterogeneous photoreaction for OMW treatment.•Artificial UV-light is enough ...to reduce phenolic compounds in OMW.•Photocatalytic reaction is mandatory for substantial degradation of OMW organic load.
High organic load (up to 36.7 g O2/L) and the presence of phenolic compounds (up to 0.460 g/L) characterize olive oil mill wastewaters (OMW). The oxidative degradation of the OMW was investigated by means of three methods (ultraviolet light ‘UV’, UV/H2O2 and UV/H2O2/TiO2 using different catalyst concentration). Instantaneous reactions were registered and the degradation occurs on one-step during a few minutes (1–2 min). Phenolic compounds degradation by photocatalytic reaction has occurred in two-step reaction, the first was instantaneous, whereas the second was slower fitting to a second order reaction. For all oxidation systems used, the conversion degree on total organic carbon during the photoreaction time was fitted to pseudo-first order model, registering a reaction constant value equal to 3.72 and 37.9 1/h for UV and UV/H2O2 systems, respectively. In the photocatalytic system the reaction constant values varied along with the catalyst concentration studied (TiO2 concentrations = 0.12, 0.25, 0.50, 1.00, 1.50, 2.00 and 3.00 g/L) among 2.70 and 10.5 1/h.
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The bioaccessible anti-AGEs activity of buckwheat biscuits (BB) was studied in bovine serum albumin/glucose model and its relationship to the bioaccessible antioxidant/reducing capacity measured by ...ABTS test and FRAP assay, and bioaccessible total phenolic compounds was addressed. The BB were baked from common buckwheat flours after liquid-state fermentation (LSF) by select lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and fungi Rhizopus oligosporus 2740. The LAB and fungi-dependent variation in AGEs inhibition by BB extracts was noted. A high bioaccessible anti-AGEs activity, antioxidant/reducing capacity and TPC from BB was found after digestion in vitro of BB. The positive correlation noted between the anti-AGEs bioaccessibility indexes, antioxidant/reducing bioaccessibility indexes and total phenolic compounds bioaccessibility indexes indicated for the contribution of the bioaccessible phenolic antioxidants to the inhibitory activity of buckwheat biscuits against AGEs formation.
•The extracts of buckwheat biscuits from fermented flours showed anti-AGEs effects.•A high bioaccessible anti-AGEs activity of buckwheat biscuits was found.•A high bioaccessibility of antioxidant capacity and total phenolic compounds from buckwheat biscuits was noted.•The anti-AGEs activity correlated with antioxidant capacity and total phenolic compounds.•Phenolic compounds contributed to the anti-AGEs activity.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of nitric oxide (NO) reapplied during controlled atmosphere (CA) storage on oxidative stress defense mechanisms and on ...profile of volatile compounds of 'Cripps Pink' apples. Fruit were treated with NO at 0, 1, 2, 5, or 10 μL L−1 every seven days during CA storage (0.8 kPa of O2, <0.5 kPa of CO2, at temperature of 1.5 ± 0.2 °C, and 94 ± 2% RH). Fruit were evaluated after 8 months of CA storage, followed by seven days of shelf life. In general, linear and quadratic models adjusted to quantitative levels of NO showed increased contents of total phenolic compounds (in the pulp and peel tissues), increased activity of catalase, reduced activity of lipoxygenase, reduced content of H2O2, reduced lipid peroxidation and ethylene production in the fruit with the increase of NO concentrations. NO treatment had no effect in the total antioxidant activity and in the activity of the enzymes superoxide dismutase and peroxidase in the fruit. The increase of NO concentrations reduced the volatile compounds butyl acetate, hexyl acetate, 2-methylbutyl acetate, ethyl butanoate, til 2-methylbutanoate, and 1-butanol in the pulp of the fruit. The results show that weekly application of NO at ∼6 μL L−1 during CA storage of 'Cripps Pink' apples improved the mechanisms to protect the fruit from oxidative stress, but it might impair the production of the main esters associated with aroma.
•The weekly application of doses close to 6 μL L−1 of NO increases the content of phenolic compounds.•The weekly application of doses close to 6 μL L−1 of NO reduces oxidative stress.•The NO in CA does not affect the antioxidant activity and the enzymes SOD and POD.•The application of NO in CA reduces the activity of the enzyme LOX.•The emission of volatile compounds, mainly esters, is affected by the application of NO.
•TPC extraction from Azadirachta indica leaves powder.•To understand and establish the useful kinetic expression model by Peleg's model•To optimize and identify significant parameters for maximum ...extraction yield.•Compare the experimental results with conventional batch extraction methods.
The current work deals with ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of the total phenolic compounds (TPC) from A. indica (Neem) leaves powder. Various process parameters have been optimized, including solvent screening, solid/solvent ratio, extraction temperature, particle size, power input, duty cycle, and sound wave frequency. The highest TPC yield of 11.87 mg of GA/g of powder was obtained at a time of 14 min, 70% ethanol as solvent, solid to solvent ratio of 1:30, particle size of 0.2–0.3 mm, extraction temperature of 40ºC, power input of 90 W, and duty cycle of 50%. The experimental outcomes obtained from the UAE have been matched with stirred batch and Soxhlet extraction of TPC, which shows that ultrasound, was relatively better than the traditional method. The UAE method has efficiently decreased the extraction time (14 min) and marginally improved the TPC yield from A. indica leaves. Further, Peleg's mathematical model was studied for the extraction kinetics and to calculate the predicted extraction values of the rate constant, initial rate, and equilibrium concentration for all investigational circumstances. The predicted values obtained from Peleg's mathematical model show a good fit with experimental outcomes.
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•Twelve main phenolic compounds (PC) were identified in different rice varieties.•Bran and husk provide more than 90% of PC and antioxidant activity of whole rice.•Ferulic acid, gallic acid and ...protocatechuic acid were the highest 3 PCs in rice bran.•P-Hydroxybenzaldehyde was the main PC existed in rice husk (14.46–23.72 μg·g−1).•Japonica rice has significant higher PC and antioxidant activity than Indica rice.
Utilization of phenolic compounds in rice husk and bran is important for improving the functionality of rice by-products. Eight rice varieties planted in different area were selected to analyze the phenolic compounds distribution of fractions in Japonica and Indica rice by using UPLC-MS method. A total of 12 phenolic compounds were identified in all rice varieties. Ferulic acid, gallic acid, protocatechuic acid and syringic acid were the dominant phenolic compounds in rice bran, while p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde was the main phenolic compounds existed in rice husk (14.46–23.72 µg·g−1). Bran and husk fractions provide more than 90% of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of whole rice. Regardless of the planting environmental effects, Japonica rice has significant higher phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity than Indica rice (P < 0.05). Therefore, it can be concluded that the distribution of phenolic compounds were strongly correlated with the rice varieties and fractions.
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