Patterns of the biosynthesis of major metabolites of the oleaginous yeast Cryptococcus curvatus NRRL Y‐1511 were investigated during cultivation on sugar‐based media. When lactose or sucrose was ...employed as substrate under nitrogen‐limited conditions, the yeast strain accumulated high quantities of intra‐cellular total sugars (ITS) at the beginning of fermentation (up to 68% w/w), with ITS values progressively decreasing to 20%, w/w, at the end of the fermentation. Decrease in ITS content and consumption of extra‐cellular lactose led to a subsequent rise in lipid accumulation, reaching 29.8% in dry cell weight at 80 g/L of initial lactose concentration. Lactose was a more favorable substrate for lipid production than sucrose. In nitrogen‐excess conditions, ITS were produced in significant quantities despite the continuous presence of nitrogen in the medium. Growth on lactose was not followed by secretion of extra‐cellular β‐galactosidase. High quantities of extra‐cellular invertase were observed during growth on sucrose. The composition of ITS was highly influenced by the sugar used as substrate. Cellular lipids contained mainly palmitic and to lesser extent linoleic and stearic acids. This is the first report in the literature that demonstrates the interplay between the biosynthesis of intra‐cellular total sugars and lipid synthesis for oleaginous yeast strains.
Practical applications: Cryptococcus curvatus represents a promising candidate for the successful production of microbial lipids and polysaccharides during growth on several types of low‐cost sugars utilized as substrates. Thus, C. curvatus could be used to produce a variety of metabolites useful for industrial biotechnology.
Interplay between the biosynthesis of intra‐cellular total sugars produced per unit of dry weight (YITS/X %, w/w) and intra‐cellular lipids produced per unit of dry weight (YL/X %, w/w) of Cryptococcus curvatus, during growth on lactose, under nitrogen‐limited conditions.
Interplay between the biosynthesis of intra‐cellular total sugars produced per unit of dry weight (YITS/X %, w/w) and intra‐cellular lipids produced per unit of dry weight (YL/X %, w/w) of Cryptococcus curvatus, during growth on lactose, under nitrogen‐limited conditions.
•Biochar concentrations of 3% significantly increased plant height, leaf length, leaf number, and leaf width.•Biochar treatment of 3% had a positive impact on root surface area, root diameter and ...root volume.•The chlorophyll content, total sugar and flavonoids improved with 2 and 3% biochar.•The addition of biochar to soil increased the activity of soil enzymes.
Impacts of biochar on growth, root morphological traits, plant physiological properties of basil (Ocimum basilicum) were studied in connection with an assessment of soil enzymatic activities. We hypothesised that the growth of basil is enhanced by an increase in root morphological traits, improved plant biochemical and physiological properties as well as by increased soil enzymatic activities after biochar application. Different concentrations of biochar derived from black cherry wood (1, 2 and 3%) were applied in pot experiments under greenhouse conditions at for 35 days. The results showed that biochar concentrations of 2% and 3% significantly increased plant height by 38% and 48%, leaf length by 15 and 24%, leaf number by 15% and 27% and leaf width by 36% and 50%, respectively, as compared with the control. The chlorophyll content, total sugar, flavonoids and soil enzymes activities were enhanced significantly with 2 and 3% biochar treatments. The total root length significantly increased by 30%, 46% and 61% with increasing levels of biochar, (1%, 2% and 3%), respectively. The biochar treatment of 3% significantly increased root surface area by 47%, root diameter by 37% and root volume by 45% over the control. The results showed that biochar improved plant morphological and physiological properties as well asactivities of soil enzymes, and thus finally promoted the growth and yield of basil and soil fertility.
The drying process plays an important role in heat-sensitive product dehydration. This study was conducted to evaluate the response of three species of mulberry fruit (Morus nigra L. (Black ...mulberry), Morus alba L. (White mulberry), and Morus alba L. (White shahtoot) grown in Halabja, Kurdistan region, Iraq. Four levels of ascorbic acid treatment at 0%, 10%, 20% and 30% lthen, divided into two groups; the first dried under solar radiation the second dried by one of the very high-quality machines (oven) for drying all kinds of vegetables and fruits. The mulberry fruits were harvested at the ripening stage by hand in April 2021 from the trees 10 years old. The results appeared that black mulberry is significantly superior that has higher moisture and total sugars content while having the lowest ash content and polyphenol oxidase activity on the two other species. Additionally, the ascorbic acid treatment significantly decreased total sugars content and peroxidase activity, while significantly increasing moisture content and polyphenol oxidase activity in fruits as compared to untreated fruits. Furthermore, sun drying significantly increased the fruits content of moisture, ash, total sugars, and polyphenol oxidase activity as compared to oven drying.
Abstract
Additional artificial ultraviolet-B irradiation (UV-B) is a substitute for the natural UV-B radiation, which is believed to modulate the antioxidants production in plants against the abiotic ...stress. The present research was formulated by using an indoor UV-B chamber, capable of irradiating UV-B at single wavelength of 315
nm
on spearmint. In vitro destructive analysis revealed the reduction in accumulation of chlorophyll
a
and
b
as well as carotenoids. However, an elevated levels of phenolic index and total anthocyanins were recorded for both 43.2 KJ/m
2
and 86.4 KJ/m
2
UV-B doses. TBARS assay was carried out to record the lipid peroxidation in the spearmint and likewise, an enhanced secondary metabolites production, an increased lipid peroxidation was seen with the successive increased in the UV–B doses. A remarkable accumulation in the total sugars, reducing sugars and sucrose were also noticed. In vivo analysis revealed a decrease in chlorophyll estimated values as well as an increase of flavanols. Overall leaf fluorescence performance index was improved under both UV-B doses as well as the maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II. Decreases in the total yield, plant height and length of internode was observed for both UV-B doses however, an enhanced number of stems was recorded for the 43.2 KJ/m
2
UV-B dose. The results of present study not only provided a clear indication of the potential of UV-B in modifying the phytochemicals accumulation in plants but also opened a room for investigating various indoor UV-B doses for future studies of plants and their interaction towards UV-B.
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•Elephant ear plants are an efficient weedy lignocellulosic biomass for bioethanol.•Every hour, 0.475 g/L of ethanol was produced, per the production rate.•Ethanol yielded 9.351% ...using a distillation technique with a temperature of 60 °C.•The kinetic model shows the potential ethanol production (pm) of 2.367 g/L.•The bioethanol was obtained from the second-generation lignocellulosic biomass.
Worldwide ethanol consumption is steadily expanding due to fast population expansion and industrialization. The synthesis of ethanol from dried elephant ear plants, as weedy lignocellulosic biomass, was investigated in this study. The effects of a combination of steam explosions at various intervals (0, 15, and 30 min) and CaO obtained from fly ash to varying percentages of 0%, 10%, and 20% on the formation of CaO were evaluated. The reducing sugar content increased from 0.907 ± 0.005 g/L in the fresh sample to 2.633 ± 0.039 g/L in the dry sample. This difference is the main factor for the fresh and dry samples' energy value difference, resulting in 4.536 ± 0.031 and 12.825 ± 0.514 kcal/5 g samples, respectively. The most favorable conditions were chosen to proceed with fermentation followed by distillation. After 24 h, the ethanol concentration reached its highest level of 2.631 g/L, indicating a fermentation efficiency of 71.82% and sugar consumption of 59.48%. Ethanol was recovered with a yield of 9.351% using a distillation technique with a heating temperature of 60 °C. According to the maximal bioethanol production rate (rpm), 0.475 g/L of ethanol was produced every hour. Finally, the kinetic model developed for the fermentation accurately describes the process with a confidence level of R2 > 0.95 and a potential maximum ethanol production (pm) of 2.367 g/L as the result of the fermentation. The economic survey could prove the effectiveness of ethanol production in future bioenergy sources.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the inclusion of protected fat with palm oil and calcium salts in the diet of lamb nutrient intake and total-tract apparent digestibility, ...nitrogen balance, and ruminal fermentation. Four castrated lambs, without defined breed, with an average weight of 50±14 kg, kept in metabolic cages, distributed in a 4×4 Latin square experimental design, were used. The experiment had four periods of 20 days each, 15 days of adaptation to the diet, and 5 days for data collection, in addition to 10 initial days for adaptation to the environment, totaling 90 days. Four treatments were used, being the control diet (without the addition of protected fat), and with three levels of inclusion (2, 4, and 6 g/100 g DM). The data were submitted for analysis of variance and regression as a function of fat inclusion. The bulky used was Tifton 85 hay. The inclusion of protected fat did not affect the intake or the digestibility of dry matter. A positive linear effect was observed for the ether extract intake (EEI). There was a positive linear effect for the digestibility coefficient in the ether extract. There was no treatment effect for rumen pH, and the mean value observed was 6.03, however, there was about time, with cubic effect (P<0.05), for the addition of 2 g/100 g DM of protection. Ammonia nitrogen (Ammonia-N) concentrations had a quadratic effect on the control treatment (P<0.05) of fat levels and time. There was a quadratic effect on the values of total sugars (P<0.05), as a function of fat levels and as a function of time after feeding for the addition of 2 g/100 g DM of protected fat. The inclusion of up to 6 g/100 g DM of protected fat is recommended, as there was no influence on ruminal parameters and lamb consumed.
•Protected fat does not adversely affect ruminal parameters and ruminant performance.•Positive values for N retained demonstrate that there is no negative influence of protected fat on nitrogen metabolization.•Small dosages of protected fat are used in diets, without influencing the digestibility of food.•It recommends including up to 6 g/100 g DM protected fat in diets with a high concentrate content, not affecting food intake.
Background
Government and health organisations worldwide have recently reviewed the evidence on the role of dietary sugars in relation to health outcomes. Hence, it is timely to review current ...intakes of dietary sugars with respect to this guidance and as a benchmark for future surveillance.
Methods
This review collates data from nationally representative dietary surveys across the world and reports estimates of intakes of total and added sugars, and sucrose in different population subgroups. Total sugars includes all mono‐ and disaccharides; namely, glucose, fructose, lactose, sucrose and maltose. Added and free sugars differ in the quantity of natural sugars included in their definitions. Free sugars include sugars naturally present in honey, syrups, fruit juices and fruit juice concentrates, whereas added sugars typically only refer to those added during processing.
Results
Most countries reported intakes of total sugars, with fewer reporting intakes of added sugars and sucrose. No country reported intakes of free sugars. The available data suggest that total sugars as a percentage of energy were highest in the infant (<4 years), with mean values ranging from 20.0% to 38.4%, and decreased over the lifespan to 13.5–24.6% in adults. Intakes of added sugars were higher in school‐aged children and adolescents (up to 19% of total energy) compared to younger children or adults.
Conclusions
Further research into the dietary patterns contributing to added sugars intake in children and adolescents is warranted. It would also be beneficial to policy guidance if future dietary surveys employed a uniform way of expressing sugars that is feasible to measure and has public health significance.
Excess sugar consumption is a public health concern in the United States. How sugar purchases have changed over time, whether there are disparities across subpopulations, and the contribution of ...various food groups are unclear.
To assess trends in sugar from packaged foods and beverages purchased by US households between 2002 and 2020.
This is an open cohort study.
We obtained data from the NielsenIQ U.S. Homescan Consumer Panel, which collects data on household purchases of all consumer packaged goods in 52 metropolitan and 24 non-metropolitan markets across the United States. We assessed data on food and beverage purchases for 1,163,447 household-years.
The primary outcomes are the total sugar in grams purchased per capita per day and percentage of calories from sugar, by sociodemographic group.
We used linear regression to estimate trends in total grams of sugar per capita per day, percentage of calories from sugar, and percentage of total sugar purchases by food or beverage group. We estimated means for select years and tested for significance compared with 2002 and with the previous timepoint and calculated the overall P-value for the linear trend using time series regression.
Total sugar purchases decreased over the study period, both in absolute terms (−37.2 g/capita/day; 95% confidence interval CI, −38.7, −35.6) and as a percentage of total calories purchased (−5.3 percentage points; 95% CI, −5.5, −5.2). Sugar purchases declined for all sociodemographic groups, but disparities have persisted or widened, particularly among individuals who are non-Hispanic Black, low-income, and with lower educational attainment. Beverages’ contributions to sugar purchases decreased 8.1 percentage points (95% CI, −8.4, −7.8).
In the United States, purchases of sugar declined, but disparities by socioeconomic status and race or ethnicity persisted or widened. Policies to further reduce sugar consumption and the burden of diet-related disparities are needed.
Previous studies in Australian children/adolescents and adults examining added sugar (AS) intake were based on now out-of-date national surveys. We aimed to examine the AS and free sugar (FS) intakes ...and the main food sources of AS among Australians, using plausible dietary data collected by a multiple-pass, 24-h recall, from the 2011–12 Australian Health Survey respondents (n 8202). AS and FS intakes were estimated using a previously published method, and as defined by the WHO, respectively. Food groups contributing to the AS intake were described and compared by age group and sex by one-way ANOVA. Linear regression was used to test for trends across age groups. Usual intake of FS (as percentage energy (%EFS)) was computed using a published method and compared with the WHO cut-off of <10 %EFS. The mean AS intake of the participants was 60·3 (sd 52·6) g/d. Sugar-sweetened beverages accounted for the greatest proportion of the AS intake of the Australian population (21·4 (sd 30·1) %), followed by sugar and sweet spreads (16·3 (sd 24·5) %) and cakes, biscuits, pastries and batter-based products (15·7 (sd 24·4) %). More than half of the study population exceeded the WHO’s cut-off for FS, especially children and adolescents. Overall, 80–90 % of the daily AS intake came from high-sugar energy-dense and/or nutrient-poor foods. To conclude, the majority of Australian adults and children exceed the WHO recommendation for FS intake. Efforts to reduce AS intake should focus on energy-dense and/or nutrient-poor foods.
Context: Given its potential effect on nutrient and energy density, the sugar content of the diet is a subject of controversy. Objective: The aim of this review was to examine the cross-sectional or ...prospective evidence for associations between the intake of total sugar or added sugar (high vs low intakes) and diet quality or nutrient intakes in the general population. Data Sources: The following databases were searched for English-language articles published between 1972 and 2012: CINAHL Plus, EBM Reviews, ERIC, MEDLINE, PREMEDLINE, PsycINFO, PubMed, and ScienceDirect. Study Selection: The search identified studies that examined the association between intake of total sugar and/or added sugar and diet quality (n = 22) or nutrient intakes (n = 30). Data Extraction: The following data were extracted: sample size and population, dietary assessment method, source of added sugar data, source of funding, comparator, association between total sugar or added sugar and diet quality, and the direction and magnitude of the association. Data Synthesis: Of 22 studies, all except 1 found a higher intake of added sugar to be associated with poorer diet quality, and the exceptional study did not adjust for total energy intake. Twenty-one of 30 studies found a negative association between added sugar and micronutrient intakes. The same association was not found for total sugar intake. Conclusion: Any negative association between dietary sugar and diet quality is better exposed by referring to added sugar rather than total sugar. There was substantial variation in features of study quality, including sample size, so the magnitude of the observed effect was generally small and may not be of clinical significance. Furthermore, the positive influence that core foods such as fruit and milk exert on total sugar values may bias the association between total sugar and diet quality.
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