The Bobrinski bucket, made in Herat in 599/1163, is one of the most iconic metalwork objects studied by historians of Islamic art. To date, art historical scholarship on the bucket has focused on ...interpreting its decorative programme and identifying the decorator, Masʿud ibn Ahmad, whose name is inscribed on the bucket, as the 'artist' who had the intellectual property of the design and its application. In this essay, I investigate the meaning of signatures left by 'artists' by examining the range of possible relationships between four men whose names appear in the dedication inscription of the Bobrinski bucket. The legal writings of Ḥanafī jurists from Khurasan and Transoxiana, including al-Sarakhsī (d. ca. 1090), provide an important, and hitherto unexplored, source for understanding the legal rights and responsibilities of the different parties involved in the production of a metalwork object from conception to final product, including the stages of commissioning, manufacture, sale, and repair. The treatment by Muslim jurists of the different forms of trade provides a better understanding of the potential legal and contractual capacity in which a metalwork artist could sign his work.
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BFBNIB, DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NMLJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, PRFLJ, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The chapter is devoted to the study of modern legislative and doctrinal approaches to determining the applicable law, as a condition for a foreign trade contract for the supply of energy resources.
The chapter deals with the various civil legal contractual arrangements envisaged by the current Russian legislation, which regulate the foreign trade turnover of energy resources. The central place ...in the work is the contract of foreign trade (international) purchase and sale (delivery) of goods, as the main type of foreign economic transactions in the investigated sphere of economic interrelations. The legal nature of the foreign trade contract for the supply of energy resources, the peculiarities of the legal regime of energy resources as an object of civil rights, features of this type of foreign economic transaction in the list of other legal constructions of civil law nature, applicable in the sphere of turnover of energy resources, primarily oil and gas. It is noted that the long-term nature of foreign trade contracts for the supply of energy resources is preferable for economic entities of the Russian Federation.
The two-part tariff is adopted not only to many of the contracts for electricity supply but also to those for capacity trading. Previously, the fixed charge in the two-part tariff was thought to ...cover a part of fixed costs, but now it is getting considered to be a premium for the capacity reservation as the deregulation of the power industry progresses. The two part tariff appropriately reflects risk and cost is expected to ensure the adequacy of power supply. In this study, the valuation modeling for the two-part tariff under power demand uncertainty is constructed and some perspectives are provided.
The article conducts a study to determine the mechanism of effective legal regulation of the content of foreign trade contracts when establishing mutually beneficial relations between participants in ...a foreign economic transaction who are subjects of law of different states by type of economic activity in accordance with and in accordance with the terms agreed by the parties on the basis of the applicable norms of national and international law and the legislation of the countries regulating these legal relations in foreign economic activity.
Aim
. To propose the most optimal directions for improving the legal regulation of the content of foreign trade contracts in the system of international integration.
Tasks
. To determine the legal basis for regulating foreign trade contracts in modern integration processes; to investigate the legal aspects, specifics and procedure for concluding foreign trade contracts, as well as to identify legal problems that hinder the development of these legal relations.
Methods
. In this research we used methods of comparative law, methods of analysis and synthesis, as well as methods of deduction and induction.
Results
. In the course of the study, the authors come to the conclusion that there are some problematic aspects of both national and international regulation in the field of foreign trade contracts. These problems are expressed in the absence of a single legal regulation for the conclusion and execution of foreign trade contracts, the presence of specific requirements for the content of the contract in different countries, and as a result, the appearance of conflicts at the stage of agreement of the text of the contract by partners from different countries, as well as in the absence of a single legal mechanism ensuring fair resolution of disputes between the parties to the contract.
Conclusion
. As a result of the analysis of the actual problems associated with the lack of the necessary comprehensive legal regulation of the content of foreign trade contracts, the authors propose optimal ways to solve them by harmonizing legislation at the international level in order to humanely and fairly bring together the legislations of states and establish comparable regulatory legal regulation in relation to the legal regulation of the content, conclusion and execution of a foreign trade contract.
The international trade exchanges and their continuous development imply the existence of certain regulations under the shape of laws, conventions, treaties, legal tools which ensure stability and ...legal security for the traders and the commercial relationships.
The process to issue cohesive regulations in the matter of the international trade takes place not only in the area of direct relationships between states, but most often under the auspices of international organizations.
This study investigates the emergence and development of business partnerships established by the Mongols and their merchant partners, ortoqs, in the Middle Ages. Ortoqs are known to have conducted ...trade and money-lending with the capital invested by their partners. This study shows that the contractual arrangements of Mongol-ortoq partnerships closely resembled medieval partnership contracts, such as mudharaba, inan, societas and commenda. Sophisticated concepts of liability in relation to investments and loans were developed in Mongol-ortoq partnerships, promoting trade and investment to facilitate the commercial integration of the Mongol Empire.
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BFBNIB, DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The computing devices in data centers of cloud and fog remain in continues running cycle to provide services. The long execution state of large number of computing devices consumes a significant ...amount of power, which emits an equivalent amount of heat in the environment. The performance of the devices is compromised in heating environment. The high powered cooling systems are installed to cool the data centers. Accordingly, data centers demand high electricity for computing devices and cooling systems. Moreover, in Smart Grid (SG) managing energy consumption to reduce the electricity cost for consumers and minimum rely on fossil fuel based power supply (utility) is an interesting domain for researchers. The SG applications are time-sensitive. In this paper, fog based model is proposed for a community to ensure real-time energy management service provision. Three scenarios are implemented to analyze cost efficient energy management for power-users. In first scenario, community’s and fog’s power demand is fulfilled from the utility. In second scenario, community’s Renewable Energy Resources (RES) based Microgrid (MG) is integrated with the utility to meet the demand. In third scenario, the demand is fulfilled by integrating fog’s MG, community’s MG and the utility. In the scenarios, the energy demand of fog is evaluated with proposed mechanism. The required amount of energy to run computing devices against number of requests and amount of power require cooling down the devices are calculated to find energy demand by fog’s data center. The simulations of case studies show that the energy cost to meet the demand of the community and fog’s data center in third scenario is 15.09% and 1.2% more efficient as compared to first and second scenarios, respectively. In this paper, an energy contract is also proposed that ensures the participation of all power generating stakeholders. The results advocate the cost efficiency of proposed contract as compared to third scenario. The integration of RES reduce the energy cost and reduce emission of CO 2 . The simulations for energy management and plots of results are performed in Matlab. The simulation for fog’s resource management, measuring processing, and response time are performed in CloudAnalyst.
Kajian terhadap permasalahan prinsip itikad baik dan transaksi jujur tersebut dianggap cukup penting sebagai bahan pemikiran bagi pembaharuan hukum. Pembaharuan hukum (law reform) pada abad XXI, ...khususnya yang menyangkut hukum komersial harus dilakukan melalui studi komparatif, mengingat akibat globalisasi ekonomi, interaksi komersial antara negara cenderung mengarah pada penyatuan sistem dan pranata hukum. Oleh karena itu penggunaan metode perbandingan merupakan keharusan. Isu hukum yang mengemuka adalah : Apa yang dimaksud dengan itikad baik (good faith) sebagai konsep hukum dan bagaimana bentuknya dalam prilaku transaksi sehari-hari? dan bagaimana bentuk norma hukum dan penerapannya? Menurut Prinsip UNIDROIT tanggung jawab hukum telah lahir sejak proses negoisasi. Prinsip-prinsip hukum yang berlaku bagi proses negoisasi adalah : (1) kebebasan negoisasi; (2) tanggung jawab atas negoisasi dengan itikad buruk; dan (3) tanggung jawab atas pembatalan negoisasio dengan itikad buruk. Hal mana secara tegas telah menentukan bahwa jiwa (soul) dari transaski bisnis sejak negoisasi sampai pelaksanaan kontrak harus dilandasi dengan prinsip itikad baik dan transaksi jujur. Setiap negara dituntut harus memiliki sikap persahabatan sebagai dasar prilaku bisnis. Sikap ini kemudian harus dikembangkan menjadi prinsip itikad baik (good Faith) dan transaksi yang jujur (Fair Dealing). Kedua prinsip ini harus menjadi "the soul of business" dalam setiap perhubungan antar bangsa yang melewati batas negara/wilayah sehingga dapat berlangsung secara adil dan jujur. kata kunci: Prinsip Itikad Baik (Good Faith), Transaksi Jujur (Fair Dealing), Contract Perdagangan Internasional. Abstract: Study of the problems of the principle of good faith and honest transaction is considered quite important as food for thought to the renewal of the law. Renewal of the law (law reform) in the XXI century, especially regarding the commercial law should be carried out through a comparative study, considering the result of economic globalization, the commercial interaction between countries is likely to lead to the unification of the system and legal order. Therefore, the use of the method of comparison is a must. Legal issues which arise are: What is a good faith (good faith) as the legal concepts and how to shape the behavior of everyday transactions? and how the shape of the rule of law and its application? According to the UNIDROIT Principles of legal responsibility has been born since the negotiation process. Legal principles applicable to the negotiation process are: (1) freedom of negotiation; (2) the responsibility for negotiating in bad faith; and (3) the responsibility for the calcellation negoisasio bad faith. Where it has expressly determines that the spirit (soul) of business transactions from negotiations to contract implementation must be based on the principles of good faith and honest dealings. Each state is required should have an attitude of friendship as the basis of business behavior. This attitude must then be a principle of good faith dikembangankan (good Faith) and an honest deal (Fair Dealing). Both of these principles must be "the soul of business' in any nexus between nations cross-border/region so as to be fair and honest. Daftar Pustaka Atiyah, P.S., An Introduction to the Law of Contract, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1996. Brownsword, Roger, et. Seq. Good Fait In Contract, Concept and Context, Dartnounth Publishing Company Limited, england, 1999. Bridge, Michael, Good faith in Commercial Contract, Suffolk, England, 1998. Chirelstein, A. Marvin, Concept and Case Analysis in the Law of Contracts, The Foundation Press, Inc., New York, 1993. Davies, F.R., Contract, Sweet & Maxwell, Kondon, 1970. Fried, M. Lawrence, American Law (An Introduction), W.W. Norton & Company, New York, 1984. Fox,F. william., International Commercial Agreement (A Primer on Drafting, Negotiating and Resolving Disputes), Kluwer, Deventer, 1992. Howells, Geraint., Good Faith in Consumer Contracting, Darthnouth, England, 1999. Huala Adolf, Hukum Ekonomi Internasional Suatu Pengantar, jakarta, Rajawali Pers, 1997. Herman, Gerold., Commercial Treaties, In: R. Bernhardt(ed), Encycplopedi of Public Internasional Law, Instalment 8, 1985. Rivera, F. Juan., The Father of The First Brown race Civil Code., UP.Law Center, Guezon City, 1978. Satrio, J., Hukum Perikatan, Perikan Yang Lahir dari Perjanjian, Buku III, Citra Aditya Bhakti, Bandung, 1997. Skippey, C. Karla, short Course in "International Contract". Terjemahan Hesti Widyaningrum, PPM, Jakarta, 2001. Wighman, John., Good Faith and Pluralism In the Law of Contract, Dartnouth, Englang, 1999.
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