Inequality is widely believed to incite conflict, but the evidence is inconsistent. We argue that the spatial scale of competition—the extent to which individuals compete locally, with their ...interaction partners, or globally, with the entire population—can help settle the question. We built a mathematical model of the evolution of conflict under inequality and tested its predictions in an experimental game with 1,205 participants. We found that inequality increases conflict, destroys wealth, and engenders risk taking. Crucially, these effects are amplified by local competition. Thus, inequality is at its most damaging when it arises between close competitors. Indeed, at the extremes, the combined effects of inequality and the scale of competition are very large. More broadly, our findings suggest that disagreements in the literature may be the result of a mismatch between the scale at which inequality is measured and the scale at which conflict occurs.
The Paralympics is globally the largest and most significant sporting event that takes place for athletes with a disability. The 2020 Tokyo Games was heralded as significant in its extensive media ...coverage that served to promote the disability athletic movement, breaking all broadcasting viewing records from the number of broadcasters, viewers, and a number of events provided live. In the past, however, media reporting of the Paralympic Games has not been without controversy. Stereotypical representations of disability, for example, have often been cited). These involve representations such as framing disability as something to be overcome; where athletes ‘participate’ rather than ‘compete’; and for those with adaptive technology, being portrayed as ‘cyborgs’, rather than as competitive athletes. This article has been driven by the curiosity to determine if media depictions of Paralympic athletes have improved over time. We wished to explore the current representations of the print and television coverage in Australia of the 2020 Tokyo games. Our research found that media coverage did, for the most part, provide coverage of events where Paralympians were represented as athletes first and their disability second. Despite this positive outcome, stereotypes prevailed in both print and television reporting. These included minimalising a person's disability, often to the point of making the disability invisible; focussing on overcoming tragedy; using inspirational language to position athletes as advocates for the disability; the use of patronising language; and the positioning of athletes as needing to be grateful. We conclude that whilst the media in Australia has made significant steps towards representing Paralympians as elite athletes, continued attention and primary focus needs to be given to the athlete’s first narrative.
Ignacio de Luzán escribió la poética española más influyente del siglo xviii, en un período en el que la ópera italiana ocupaba un lugar esencial en todas las cortes de Europa. Sin embargo, este ...género recibe un tratamiento marginal en su obra. Esto puede resultar sorprendente en un autor que no solo conoció las óperas realizadas en España durante los reinados de Felipe V y Fernando VI, sino que además fue un gran defensor de Metastasio como poeta, traduciendo algunos de sus libretos por encargo de la corte. En este artículo analizamos el lugar del melodrama en su obra, mostrando la influencia recibida de las poéticas italianas, sobre todo de Crescimbeni, Gravina, Muratori y Maffei, que entendieron el género desde las ideas aristotélicas sobre la tragedia griega. Como veremos, la clave de su poética es la contraposición entre artes liberales y serviles, que le obliga a situar la música en un lugar inferior respecto a la poesía.
We utilize perspectives in environmental sociology and political economy to examine relationships between human exploitation and ecological degradation. Specifically, we apply global labor value ...chains and the tragedy of the commodity to analyze severe labor exploitation in Thai capture fisheries. Our analysis suggests that severe labor exploitation has played a significant role in lowering the market value of the Thai seafood sector as an adaptation to a competitive marketplace driven by increasing commodification and a stressed marine ecosystem. Regarding ecologies, we detail how the degradation of marine ecosystems in the region stimulated increased demand for severe labor exploitation.
The war between Romans and Numantians staged in La Numancia (1585), by Miguel de Cervantes, presented the clash of the two peoples that the play’s first audience would have recognized as its ...forebears. Both sides are equally justified and equally guilty. Hegel’s theory of tragedy allows us to discern the political and historical transcendence of this conflict. Moreover, the conflict has a transcendence of a poetic nature, since it is articulated through an opposition, developed in Renaissance poetics and rhetoric, between furor and industria. This concern over the limits of the poetic word constitutes one of the main features of Renaissance poetics, neo-Senecan sixteenth-century Spanish tragedy, and Cervantes’s work.
Taking the cue from the COVID-19 emergency, this essay focuses on the theme of infective faults, widespread at anthropological as well as literary, especially dramaturgical, levels, in both ancient ...and early modern times, in particular, as far as this study in concerned, in the 17th century, taking into account two champions of Baroque literature in Veneto: Carlo de’ Dottori from Padua (1618–1686) and Guido Casoni from Serravalle (1561–1642). First of all, this study will need to cover basic historical-cultural notions (on the magical-religious, legal sides, etc.), helpful to shed light on the deep archetypal meaning of such a theme, commonly found in the classical models, then paying special attention to the two aforementioned authors, belonging to two different generations from the mid- and early Baroque century, yet both witnessing the plague epidemic.
This essay observes, in the light of dramatic paradigms, the use of the symbolic imagery of infection/contamination in relation to the ‘phraseology’ and theorising of catharsis (purgation, ...purification), employed and especially elaborated by the complicated experience of classic and classicistic tragedies, all the while multifocally taking into account a rich – vast as well as important – critical tradition, including but not limited to the literary field. The essay follows the construction of such imagery from its creation (with the ancient Greek civilization) to its modern developing (during the Enlightenment), at both conceptual and linguistical levels, first of all paying attention to ‘broad-spectrum’ cultural-historical and textual perspectives (anthropology, medicine, law, rhetoric...), in addition to – and beyond – the literary-dramaturgical point of view.
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