In the transmission we encounter various transformations of biblical proper names. The basic phonetic relationship between Semitic languages on the one hand and non-Semitic languages, like Greek and ...Latin, on the other hand, is so complex that it was hardly possible to establish a unified tradition in writing biblical proper names within the Greek and Latin cultures. Since the Greek and Latin alphabets are inadequate for transliteration of Semitic languages, authors of Greek and Latin Bibles were utter grammatical and cultural innovators. In Greek and Latin Bibles we note an almost embarrassing number of phonetic variants of proper names. A survey of ancient Greek and Latin Bible translations allows one to trace the boundary between the phonetic transliterations that are justified within Semitic, Greek, and Latin linguistic rules, and those forms that transgress linguistic rules. The forms of biblical proper names are much more stable and consistent in the Hebrew Bible than in Greek, Latin and other ancient Bible translations. The inexhaustible wealth of variant pronunciations of the same proper names in Greek and Latin translations indicate that Greek and Latin translators and copyists were in general not fluent in Hebrew and did therefore not have sufficient support in a living Hebrew phonetic context. This state affects personal names of rare use to a far greater extent than the geographical names, whose forms are expressed in the oral tradition by a larger circle of the population.
As social media platforms become increasingly accessible, individuals’ usage of new forms of textual communication (posts, comments, chats, etc.) on social media using local language scripts such as ...Amharic has increased tremendously. However, many users prefer to post comments in Latin scripts instead of local ones due to the availability of more convenient forms of character input using Latin keyboards. In existing Latin to Amharic transliteration systems, missing consideration of double consonants and double vowels has caused transliteration errors. Further, as there are multiple ways of character mapping conventions in existing systems, social media texts are susceptible to a wide variety of user adoptions during script production. The current systems have failed to address these gaps and adoptions. In this work, we present the RBLatAm (Rule-Based Latin to Amharic) transliteration system, a generic rule-based system that converts Amharic words which have been written using Latin script back into their native Amharic script. The system is based on mapping rules engineered from three existing transliteration systems (Microsoft, Google, SERA) and additional rules for double consonants, and conventions adopted on social media by speakers of Amharic. When tested on transliterated Amharic words of non-named entities, and named entities of persons, the system achieves an accuracy of 75.8% and 84.6%, respectively. The system also correctly transliterates words reported as errors in previous studies. This system drastically improves the basis for performing research on text mining for Amharic language texts by being able to process such texts even if they have originally been produced in Latin scripts.
Bammesberger examines the old English word, Gaesil, in the runic inscription from King's Somborne, Hampshire. Although unclear in a number of details, can be analyzed as consisting of a substantive, ...probably a name, functioning as subject followed by a finite verb functioning as predicate; the accusative object of the clause consists of the demonstrative pronoun followed by a substantive. After carefully weighing various possibilities, Hines offered a revised transliteration of the text.
This short paper publishes a new manuscript of the literary composition “Letter from Sîn-šamuḫ to the god Enki” (ETCSL 3.3.19). K.8755 is one of the tablets which proved to be Old Babylonian in spite ...of their assignment to the British Museum's Kuyunjik Collection. It preserves parts of ll. 8–15 of the composition and probably belonged to a multiple columns tablet. The present paper offers a score transliteration of the lines concerned, based both on the recently published copies and the online photos of the other mss. It provides a number of new readings and interpretations on individual lines.
Accurate translation facilitates seamless communication. Personal and geographical names are frequently used in communication, necessitating a uniform standard for transliterating anthroponyms and ...toponyms from the source to the target language. The Republic of Azerbaijan achieved independence nearly three decades ago. Despite extensive efforts in various fields throughout time, problems with transliteration persist. In 2013, a state program on using Azerbaijani was launched, including a clause on formulating guidelines for mutual transliteration between Azerbaijani and other languages. Over the last decade, transliteration tables for toponyms in Azerbaijani-Russian and Azerbaijani-English languages have been compiled, and publications utilising materials in both languages have been released. However, the absence of research concerning the Chinese language has led to considerable problems in the translation process and daily interaction. Currently, there are no established criteria for transliterating Chinese anthroponyms and toponyms into Azerbaijani, and some transliterations have phonetic inaccuracies. In this article, transliterations of certain Chinese anthroponyms and toponyms found on the AZERTAC (The Azerbaijan State News Agency) portal were examined and criticised, and guidelines for transliterating Chinese anthroponyms and toponyms into Azerbaijani were also proposed. Translating Chinese characters into other languages is not undemanding, and finding a comprehensive solution within the confines of a single article poses a challenging endeavour. This article laid the initial scientific foundation for creating Chinese-Azerbaijani transliteration tables.
Die zentralen Fragestellungen des Buches lauten (S. 18): War die kunstlerische Umorientierung zu Beginn der 30er Jahre die Folge einer kunsttheoretischen Diskussion oder liegen ihr andere Faktoren ...zugrunde?" Und: Ist der sozialistische Realismus tatsachlich kein Stil, sondern eine Methode?" Indem der Autor bei der Lekture programmatischer Texte zwischen den Zeilen zu lesen gewillt ist und sich bei der Interpretation architektonischer Formen von seiner kunstlerischen Auffassungsgabe inspirieren lasst, kommt er zu dem Schluss, die Entwicklung der stalinistischen Architektur sei das Resultat folgender Faktoren (Bd. I, S. 455): a) der kulturellen und sozialen Diktate Stalins, b) der Losungen der Aufgaben, die Stalin den sowjetischen Architekten vorschrieb, und c) gewisser Wandlungen der personlichen und kunstlerischen Vorstellungen Stalins." Auch wenn er diesen Begriff keinesfalls fur so sinnentleert und anekdotisch halt, wie es der in Architektenkreisen kolportierte Ausspruch des Akademiemitgliedes Scusev - der einen Monatslohn fur eine Definition geboten haben soil - nahelegt (Bd. I, S. 187), unterlasst es der Verfasser, sich urn diesbezugliche Verdienste zu bemuhen. Formal kann die kyrillische Schrift bei den biblio-graphischen Angaben in den Anmerkungen akzeptiert werden, doch erscheint die Vermischung von Dudenumschrift und angloamerikanischer Transliteration bei den Personennamen und im Literaturverzeichnis bedenklich, in asthetischer Hinsicht handelt es sich urn ahnliche Hybride wie die konstruktivistisch begonnenen und neoklassizistisch umgestalteten Gebaude in der Sowjetunion der DreiBigerjahre.
In West Sumatra in general, people know that Minangkabo's traditional form of government is Nagari. In historical chronology, the social structure of pre-colonial society is rarely revealed. This is ...because the composition of pre-colonial society and government is not widely sourced and written down in modern historical narratives. Therefore, not many people know how the social life before the colonial sat and changed the shape of Minangkabo's social structure. By using manuscripts and literacy sources from rare books using the methodology of Historiography, Historiarchaeology, Manuscript Transliteration and Ancient Map Analysis in this paper, the author tries to reveal things that are rarely the concern of many people. The findings of the information reveal other aspects and are different from what is generally known by people in the present. The Minangkabo people and the existing Traditional Government had a great influence when the trade office and representative Gurbernur in Batavia, the Government of the Republic of Batavia in Eastern Europe, was just pioneering its position which eventually controlled the entire archipelago which is currently known as Indonesia.
The objective of this study was to examine the effects of the challenges in the transliteration of Persian names into English on the recall of retrieved results in the Web of Science. The statistical ...population of this study included the names of all Iranian researchers in the Web of Science database who had published an English article in the period 2010–2017. The initial number of these names was 3,110,873. After refining the data, the number of names was reduced to 11,242, of which 3959 were unique names with different spellings. Bibexcel and Excel were used to analyze the data. The challenges identified were divided into four groups: “consonants”, “vowels”, “omitted or repeated letters”, and “pronunciation”. The effect of each of the above-mentioned challenges on the recall of retrieved results was examined, and the spelling form that had the highest retrieval percentage and frequency among the examples retrieved for each challenge was determined. The results showed that the non-uniform transliteration of Persian names into English and different name spellings resulted in a decrease in recall.
