Over the past century, agriculture practices have transitioned from manual cultivation to the use of an array of chemical herbicides for weed control including phosphinothricin, or glufosinate ...(GLUF). Consequently, the potential for long-term residual GLUF exposure in the food chain has increased, highlighting the need for improved analytical strategies for its detection, as well as the detection of its main breakdown product 3-(methylphosphinico)propionic acid (MPPA). Chemical derivatization strategies have been developed to improve the detection of GLUF and MPPA via liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analyses. Herein, we employ trimethylation enhancement using diazomethane (TrEnDi) for the first time as a means to confer analytical advantages via quantitatively derivatizing these analytes into permethylated GLUF (GLUFTr+) and MPPA (MPPATr+H+). Comparing GLUFTr+ and MPPATr+H+ to underivatized counterparts, TrEnDi yields 2.8-fold and 1.7-fold improvements in reversed-phase chromatographic retention, respectively, while MS-based sensitivity is enhanced 4.1-fold and 11.0-fold, respectively. Successful analyte derivatization (with >99% yields) was further demonstrated on a commercial herbicide solution imparting consistent analytical enhancements. To investigate the benefits of TrEnDi in a bona fide agricultural scenario, simple aqueous extractions from distinct parts of field-grown canola plants were performed to quantify GLUF and MPPA before and after TrEnDi derivatization. In their underivatized forms, GLUF and MPPA were undetectable in all field samples, whereas GLUFTr+ and MPPATr+H+ were readily quantifiable using the same analysis conditions. Our results demonstrate that TrEnDi continues to be a useful tool to enhance the analytical characteristics of organic molecules that are traditionally difficult to detect.
Shotgun lipidomics provides sensitive and fast lipid identification without the need for chromatographic separation. Challenges faced by shotgun analysis of glycerophospholipids (GPs) include the ...lack of signal uniformity across GP classes and the inability to determine the carbon–carbon double bond (CC) location within the fatty acyl chains of an unsaturated species. Two distinct derivatization strategies were employed to both enhance the ionization of GPs, via trimethylation enhancement using 13C-diazomethane (13C-TrEnDi), as well as determine location of double bonds within fatty acyl chains, employing an in-solution photochemical reaction with acetone (via the Paternò–Büchi reaction). The modified GPs were then subjected to positive ion mode ionization via electrospray ionization, producing uniform ionization efficiencies for different classes of GP species. The GPs were charge inverted via gas-phase ion/ion reactions and sequentially fragmented using ion trap collision-induced dissociation (CID). The CID of the species led to fragmentation producing diagnostic ions indicative of CC bond location. The approach enabled enhanced ionization and the identification of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine species at the CC level in a bovine lipid extract.
Populacijsko preživetje bolnikov z rakom je sestavljen kazalnik, v katerem se zrcalijo tako značilnosti bolnikov kot tudi organizacija, dostopnost, kakovost in učinkovitost sistema zdravstvenega ...varstva. Register raka Republike Slovenije je letos izdal že četrto obsežnejše poročilo o preživetju slovenskih bolnikov z rakom zbolelih med letom 1997 in 2016, ki kaže na napredek, ki sta ga v dvajsetih letih zagotovila slovenska onkologija in slovensko zdravstveno varstvo skupaj s celotno družbo. Preživetje slovenskih bolnikov z rakom se s časom povečuje. V zadnjih dvajsetih letih se je petletno čisto preživetje povečalo za dobrih 11 odstotnih točk. Znatno bolj se je povečalo preživetje pri moških. Starost in stadij ob diagnozi sta še vedno ključna za preživetje bolnikov z rakom. Pri obeh spolih se je preživetje bolnikov s kožnim melanomom, rakom debelega črevesa in danke ter pljučnim rakom v zadnjih dvajsetih letih značilno izboljšalo. Napredek je bil dosežen tudi pri najpogostejših rakih pri posameznem spolu: raku dojk pri ženskah in raku prostate pri moških. Izboljšanje preživetja slovenskih bolnikov z rakom, ki ga opazujemo v zadnjih letih, predstavlja osnovo in spodbudo za nadaljnje izboljšave.
Od prve koronarne angioplastike leta 1977 preko femoralnega pristopa je intervencijska kardiologija drastično spremenila zdravljenje ishemične bolezni srca. Prvotna perkutana transluminalna ...angioplastika z uporabo navadnih balonskih katetrov je sčasoma postala le pomožna tehnika za pripravo žilne spremembe in optimiziranje vstavljene žilne opornice. S pojavom navadnih žilnih opornic smo izboljšali rezultate na račun zmanjšanega elastičnega odsunka, poškodbe in konstriktivnega remodeliranja koronarnih arterij, z razvojem antiagregacijske terapije pa dosegli manjše število tromboz v žilnih opornicah. Ob nadaljnjih raziskavah neointimalne hiperplazije so se pojavile metode za lokalno apliciranje antiproliferacijskih zdravil. Razvile so se z zdravili prevlečene opornice, ki so leta 2019 postale novi zlati standard. Ob uporabi modernejših materialov so poskrbele za izboljšanje rezultatov na račun zmanjšanja neointimalne hiperplazije in števila zapletov. A kljub temu so še vedno tujek v žilni steni, ki spodbuja kronično vnetje, neoaterosklerozo, s tem pa restenozo ter zelo pozne pojave tromboze. To spoznanje zadnja leta vodi v razvijanje tehnik, ki bi za sabo pustile čim manj tujega materiala oziroma bi bil le-ta čimbolj biološko kompatibilen. Ob razvoju razgradljivih žilnih opornic so ena obetajočih terapevtskih možnosti z zdravili prevlečeni balonski katetri, ki razširijo žilno svetlino in lokalno aplicirajo antiproliferativno zdravilo na samo mesto spremembe brez uporabe opornice, ki bi ostala v žilni steni in spodbujala vnetje.
Avtor v članku preučuje pojav posameznikov slovenskih korenin iz ZDA in Kanade, ki so stik z etnično identiteto in s slovensko skupnostjo izgubili že zelo zgodaj oz. jim predniki slovenske identitete ...sploh niso predali, a so jo pozneje (ponovno) odkrili. Življenjske zgodbe posameznikov postavlja v kontekst globalnega trenda individualizacije, ki ga aplicira na omenjene mikro primere. Zanima ga, kaj jih je privedlo do iskanja korenin, kaj jim te pomenijo in kako se renesansa etnične identitete odraža v njihovih življenjih.
The 14th thematic volume of International Development Policy provides perspectives through case studies from the global Souths focusing on the challenges and opportunities of governing migration on ...the subnational, national, regional and international levels. Bringing together some thirty authors from Africa, Latin America and Asia, the book explores existing and new policies and frameworks in terms of their successes and best practices, and looks at them through the lens of additional challenges, such as those brought on by the COVID-19 pandemic, the rise of nationalisms and an increase in xenophobia. The chapters also take the ‘5 Ps’ approach to sustainable development (people, planet, prosperity, peace and partnerships) and assess how migration policies serve sustainable development in a rapidly evolving context. Contributors are Yousra Abourabi, Gabriela Agosto, Belkis Aracena, Andrea Fernández Benítez, Macarena Chepo, Amanda Coffie, Jonathan Crush, María del Consuelo Dávila Pérez, Dêlidji Eric Degila, Jenny Lind Elmaco, René Leyva Flores, Luisa Feline Freier, Silvia Núñez García, Marcela Pezoa González, Binod Khadria, Ariel González Levaggi, Wei Li, Meixin Liu, Ling Ma, Ratnam Mishra, Daniel Naujoks, Claudia Padilla, Karol Rojas, Fabiana Rubinstein, Yining Tan, Narender Thakur, Gerasimos Tsourapas, Valeria Marina Valle and Jossette Iribarne Wiff.
Changes in human growth and development depend on genetic and environmental factors. In the case of Slovenia, the environmental factors changed as a result of the period of socio-economic transition ...that the country underwent between 1991 and 2013. The authors used anthropometric techniques to evaluate differences in body height, proportions and sexual maturity in 1,221 adolescents aged 14 in 1993, 2003 and 2013.
Data was collected as a part of the ACDSi study, which has monitored children's somatic growth and motor development every decade over the last 40 years.
Between 1993 and 2013, a trend (p=0.08) towards increased body height was observed in males. The comparison of age at peak height velocity (PHV) between generations demonstrated a trend (p=0.07) of earlier entry into puberty in adolescents in 2013 compared to those in 1993. The leg-to-body height ratio increased (p<0.05) with every decade in males, while in females it decreased (p<0.05) in 2013. Similar trends were observed in the leg-to-trunk ratio. Contemporary generations experienced PHV at a younger age (p<0.05), which is true for both genders even in adolescents born no more than two decades (1993 (2013) apart. In both generations, females experienced PHV sooner than their male peers.
The authors assume that females of the 2013 generation reached puberty earlier than females of older generations. It is most likely that, unlike females from older generations and unlike males, they were already at the stage of trunk growth at the time of the measurements, which explains the observed changes in their trunk length, leg-to-body height and leg-to-trunk ratios in comparison to earlier generations.
The aim of this study was to determine quantities of antibiotics used mainly or exclusively for urinary tract infections in Croatia between 2005 and 2014, to describe utilisation trends, and general ...consequences of antibiotic consumption on antimicrobial resistance.
Antibiotic utilisation data were obtained from annual reports of both the Croatian Drug Agency and Croatian Academy of Medical Sciences. Antibiotic consumption was expressed in DDD/1000 inhabitants/day (DDD TID). Antimicrobial resistance was analysed for E. coli, E. faecalis, E. faecium, P. aeruginosa, Klebsiella spp., P. mirabilis. Descriptive statistics were used to process data and calculate trends.
Overall, utilisation of antibacterials decreased by 4.8% (from 3,35 to 3,19 DDD TID), while trends of individual agents varied substantially - from 87% decline for ceftibuten to 160% rise for levofloxacin. The consumption of quinolones increased by 32.3%. This was mostly due to increased ciprofloxacin consumption (144% raise). Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim declined by 57%, while nitrofurantoin increased by 86%. The use of fosfomycin was marginal. Antimicrobial resistance of E. coli increased against quinolones by 54.5%, and against nitrofurantoin by 2-3%. Quinolone resistance of other pathogens (Klebiella spp, Proteus mirabilis), increased variably - between 17.2% (Klebsiella) and 90% (Proteus), while for P. aeruginosa remained the same at 22%.
High rates of antimicrobial utilisation require prescribing restrictions and educational interventions. The increased use of fluoroquinolones is a potentially serious public health threat due to the rapid development of resistance among uropathogens. This threat can be avoided by greater use of nitrofurantoin and fosfomycin.
Preučevali smo vpliv temperature zraka na izbrane fenološke faze čebel (Apis mellifera carnica Pollman) za obdobje 1971-2007 v Novem mestu. Medletna variabilnost nastopa fenofaz (prva paša čebel, ...paša na robiniji, paša na lipi) je velika, variacijski razmik znaša od 44 do 86 dni. S časovno analizo smo ugotovili, da se kot posledica višjih temperatur zraka ter zgodnejših rastlinskih fenofaz, tudi fenofaze pri čebelah pojavljajo v zadnjem obdobju zgodnejše. Statistično značilen linearen trend za prvo pašo čebel znaša -19 dni/dekado, za pašo na robiniji pa -10 dni/dekado. Fenofaza paša na lipi nima statistično značilnega trenda. Povezanost med fenološkim razvojem in temperaturo zraka smo preučevali s korelacijsko analizo. Vrednosti koeficientov korelacije so med -0,45 in -0,70. Vse tri fenofaze so najbolj korelirane s povprečnimi dvomesečnimi temperaturami marca in aprila. Izdelali smo enostavne regresijske modele za napoved časa nastopa fenofaz na osnovi temperature zraka. Kot pojasnjevalne spremenljivke modela smo vključili povprečne mesečne temperature zraka in termalni čas, potreben za nastop izbrane fenofaze. Akumuliran termalni čas smo izračunali kot vsoto aktivnih temperatur (vsota pozitivnih temperatur od 1.1. dalje) in efektivnih temperatur (temperaturna vsota nad temperaturnim pragom 10 °C od 28.2. dalje). Koeficienti variabilnosti (KV) za izračunan termalni čas znašajo od 15 % do 43 %. Z metodo regresije po korakih smo oblikovali linearne regresijske modele za napoved časa prve paše čebel in paše na robiniji. Z modeli smo lahko pojasnili od 53 % do 91 % variabilnosti v času nastopa fenofaz.
The food culture, which gains meaning according to the life perception of countries in the traditional and modern world, brings different perspectives to gastronomy. With the Slow Food movement, ...which is one of these perspectives, it is essential to bring an up-to-date approach to the dishes that have been forgotten in traditional food culture. While the slow food movement ensures the sustainability of the food culture, it also supports the preservation of the 'sense of taste'; It serves to raise awareness in setting tables together and determining the importance of common points, in food production with traditional methods and in using techniques. Quantitative data collection techniques are used to determine whether the services of the stream reach the target. The cycle of the slow mobility current is first production, then consumption. The aim of this study is to determine the extent of slow food perceptions and slow eating attitudes of the people living in Gökçeada district of Çanakkale province. For this purpose, a survey method consisting of a systematic question form was applied to the local people of Gökçeada, which constitutes the sample of the study, to determine the perception of slow food and the effect of this perception on slow eating attitudes. According to the results obtained from the survey data, it was determined that the participants were women with a participation rate of 68.5% and they constituted the majority of the study. 92.4% of the participants who stated that they knew about the Slow Food movement correctly defined Slow Food. It was determined that the participants had a positive participation of more than 50% in the questions asked to determine the local food consumption tendency. Therefore, it can be said that the participants have a high level of local food demand, interest and consumption tendency. Among the 6 hypotheses examining the relationship between Slow Food consumption and demographic characteristics, the marital status and age hypothesis were accepted and the others were rejected.
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