In recent decades, the concern over depletion of the world׳s petroleum reserves and environmental pollution has increased the demand to develop a renewable and environmental friendly fuel. Biodiesel, ...which mainly consists of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) is one of the best substitutes for diesel fuel. Currently, vegetable oils, edible or non-edible, are the main resources of biodiesel. This review aims at providing comprehensive information and analyzes on biodiesel produced from edible and non-edible vegetable oils, their composition and specifications. Accordingly, the Fatty Acid (FA) profiles of 28 edible vegetable oils and 40 non-edible vegetable oils were collected. Their main specifications including sulfur content, density, viscosity, flash point, cloud point, pour point, cold filter plugging point, cetane number, iodine number, heating value, acid value and carbon residual before and after transesterification (vegetable oil and biodiesel, respectively) were analyzed in detail.
Many researchers have developed prediction models to quantify biodiesel specifications to optimize its manufacturing and obtain biodiesel with the best specifications. Three factors that are especially influential are the fatty acids profiles, the degree of unsaturation within the FA structures and molecular weight. Accordingly, many models have been constructed on these features. There are also models that quantify the relationship between the biodiesel specifications and its thermodynamic properties or other specifications. Accordingly, the second part of this work was conducted on the existing prediction models. All the models were discussed along with their deviation in prediction.
Mineral oil based lubricants are generally used in hydrodynamic journal bearing. These lubricants are toxic, non biodegradable and harmful for the environment. Vegetable oil being biodegradable and ...non-toxic has emerged as an alternative lubricant. This paper reviews recent researches related to biodegradable, environment friendly vegetable oil based lubricant and its application in hydrodynamic journal bearing. Important physicochemical properties of biolubricant for hydrodynamic journal bearing have also been discussed in the paper. Challenges relating to the usage of vegetable oil based biolubricant along with available mitigation strategies are also highlighted. Based on the study it can be concluded that chemically modified vegetable oil along with properly selected additives can effectively replace conventional lubricants.
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•The utilization of vegetable oil for polyurethane synthesis has been researched and documented in the past decade.•Derivatives of vegetable oil are also known to be an excellent ...feedstock for polyurethane coatings.•Challenges continue to remain in terms of properties, performance and reaction conditions of polyurethane.•The review focuses on various synthesis routes that transform triglycerides and derivatives into polyurethane precursors.•Different types of polyurethane coatings have also been studied in this review.
The scientific community has been pooling all its resources, for the past decade, towards the development of “sustainable development” to usher into an eternally green and sustainable tomorrow. As part of this endeavor, the conventional petroleum-based polyurethane (PU) coatings have been replaced by their green counterparts, i.e., bio-based polyurethane coatings. These green alternatives provide a suitable replacement for the coating industry due to their easy availability, biodegradability, low cost, and lesser environmental impact. The production of such green PU coatings is further facilitated by the utilization of bio-based materials, including vegetable oils and their derivatives such as methyl ester, fatty acid, and other bio-renewable sources. This review discusses the different chemical modifications used to convert these bio-based precursors into desired polyols and isocyanates. Furthermore, the formulation of different PU coatings and their subsequent potential applications are also elaborated on in this review. The coatings sector has already been introduced to the notion of eco-friendly technologies such as UV-curable, less or zero solvent, waterborne, hyperbranched, and high solids coatings, complemented by the incorporation of renewable feedstock in monomer synthesis. The review examines the future hurdles that hinder the utilization of these materials in a wide range of applications and presents technologies that facilitate potential solutions and mention key players in the coating sectors that are at the forefront of bringing these revolutionary changes.
Edible coatings and films are very promising and are one of the most analyzed strategies for maintenance of the quality of foods and improving their shelf life. They provide an effective approach to ...mitigate adverse environmental concerns arising from the use of petroleum-derived packaging by replacing them with edible or biodegradable food packaging substances. Lipids are widely used in edible coatings and films for protecting many food products. This document is a comprehensive review describing the importance of lipids in edible coating and film formulations. A detailed account of lipid and lipid-containing edible coatings and films is presented. We also surveyed the trends in the literature related to this work, using data from SciFinder and Scopus scientific databases. The findings infer that lipids are becoming a hotspot and important substance in the study of edible coatings or films. This review further covers the application of lipid-containing coatings and films to various types of foods.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
BFBNIB, DOBA, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Most of biobased polyols for polyurethanes are synthesized from vegetable oils. In the first part, the present review goes into details of these different synthetic routes to obtain polyols. First, ...olefinic functionalities of triglycerides could easily be epoxidized, leading to reactive epoxide groups. Second, triglycerides double bonds could undergo a wide ranges of reactions to yield polyols. Finally, the carbonyl group could also be used as a reactive group to yield various polyols. In the second part, the present review is dedicated to the commercial biobased polyols, and, based on the patent literature focuses on the industrial synthetic routes.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
BFBNIB, DOBA, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
This study conducts experimental investigations into the quality of three types of vegetable oils: commercial soybean-derived vegetable oil, refined, bleached, and deodorized coconut oil (RBD coconut ...oil), and virgin coconut oil (VCO). These oils were subjected to exposure under different lighting conditions (direct sunlight or fluorescent light) and elevated storage temperatures over a 6-month period. Various parameters, including color number (ASTM D1500), kinematic viscosity at 40°C (ASTM D445), acidity (IEC 62021), peroxide value (AOCS Method Cd 8-53), refractive index using an Abbe refractometer, tanδ (IEC 60247), and power frequency AC breakdown voltage (ASTM D1816), were measured to assess the oils' quality. The findings reveal that storing oils for 6 months in dark conditions or under fluorescent light has a negligible impact on the quality of insulating oils. However, exposure to daylight conditions or storage at 60°C significantly influences their insulating properties. Notably, virgin coconut oil exhibits high resistance to photo-oxidation but deteriorates rapidly due to the heating effect of storage, whereas RBD coconut oil is the least affected by storage temperature. In summary, the results indicate that RBD coconut oil better preserves its insulating properties than virgin coconut oil under varying conditions of light exposure or storage temperature.
Epoxidized vegetable oil (EVO) – based epoxy vitrimer is a promising bio-based material to replace the non-recyclable and ever-increasing petrol-based thermoset. However, the low overall properties ...of EVO-based epoxy vitrimer are relatively unmatchable to petrol-based thermoset, retarding the substitution of EVO-based epoxy vitrimer into the application range of petrol-based thermoset. To fill the research gap, we review the recent approaches and important characteristics of EVO-based epoxy vitrimer, including the selection of EVO, classification of covalent adaptable network (CANs) and, material properties. Their potential applications and outlooks are discussed as an implication for future development. For EVO-based epoxy vitrimer, EVOs with higher mean epoxy values are suggested to be selected as epoxy monomer in order to produce a vitrimer with greater tensile properties and higher glass transition temperature, Tg. Types of CANs incorporated in EVO-based epoxy vitrimer are not yet fully explored as only 3 types of CANs (transesterification, Schiff base and disulphide exchange) have been reported currently. The mechanical properties and Tg of EVO-based epoxy vitrimer can be improved by using curing agent with rigid structure and avoid using aqueous-based curing agent during synthesis process. Thermal stability of EVO-based epoxy vitrimer is affected by crosslinking density and the structure of curing agent. It is envisaged that EVO-based epoxy vitrimer with greater properties can be developed to replace the traditional petrol-based thermoset, provided that effective EVO, appropriate CANs and suitable curing agent are selected.
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•Applications of epoxidized vegetable oils (EVOs) as monomer for bio-based epoxy vitrimers are thoroughly reviewed.•Effects of the properties of EVO and the hardener on the vitrimer’s characteristics are illustrated through novel graphs.•Strategies for improving the properties of EVO-based epoxy vitrimer are critically discussed.•Applications, challenges and future prospects of EVO-based epoxy vitrimers are briefly addressed.
Many countries are immersed in several strategies to reduce the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions of internal combustion engines. One option is the substitution of these engines by electric and/or ...hydrogen engines. However, apart from the strategic and logistical difficulties associated with this change, the application of electric or hydrogen engines in heavy transport, e.g., trucks, shipping, and aircrafts, also presents technological difficulties in the short-medium term. In addition, the replacement of the current car fleet will take decades. This is why the use of biofuels is presented as the only viable alternative to diminishing CO2 emissions in the very near future. Nowadays, it is assumed that vegetable oils will be the main raw material for replacing fossil fuels in diesel engines. In this context, it has also been assumed that the reduction in the viscosity of straight vegetable oils (SVO) must be performed through a transesterification reaction with methanol in order to obtain the mixture of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) that constitute biodiesel. Nevertheless, the complexity in the industrial production of this biofuel, mainly due to the costs of eliminating the glycerol produced, has caused a significant delay in the energy transition. For this reason, several advanced biofuels that avoid the glycerol production and exhibit similar properties to fossil diesel have been developed. In this way, “green diesels” have emerged as products of different processes, such as the cracking or pyrolysis of vegetable oil, as well as catalytic (hydro)cracking. In addition, some biodiesel-like biofuels, such as Gliperol (DMC-Biod) or Ecodiesel, as well as straight vegetable oils, in blends with plant-based sources with low viscosity have been described as renewable biofuels capable of performing in combustion ignition engines. After evaluating the research carried out in the last decades, it can be concluded that green diesel and biodiesel-like biofuels could constitute the main alternative to addressing the energy transition, although green diesel will be the principal option in aviation fuel.
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