This paper presents data on the general properties and complexing ability of cyclodextrins and assessment methods (phase solubility, DSC tests and X-ray diffraction, FTIR spectra, analytical method). ...It focuses on the formation of drug deposits on the surface of a textile underlayer, using a cyclodextrin compound favoring the inclusion of a drug/active principle and its release onto the dermis of patients suffering from skin disorders, or for protection against insects. Moreover, it presents the kinetics, duration, diffusion flow and release media of the cyclodextrin drug for in vitro studies, as well as the release modeling of the active principle. The information focuses on therapies: antibacterial, anti-allergic, antifungal, chronic venous insufficiency, psoriasis and protection against insects. The pharmacodynamic agents/active ingredients used on cotton, woolen and synthetic textile fabrics are presented.
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Tartu Ülikool oma mitmekeelse ja -kultuurilise liikmeskonnaga on suhtluskeskkond, kus kohtuvad erinevad rahvus- ja koolikultuurid. Mullu moodustasid kümnendiku Tartu Ülikooli tudengitest Eestis ...venekeelse põhikooli ja kakskeelse gümnaasiumi lõpetanud üliõpilased. Artiklis uurime, milliseid eesti keelekogukonnale omaseid sotsiaalseid norme ehk sotsiopragmaatikat märkavad ülikoolis vene dominantkeelega üliõpilased. Analüüsime suhtluskeele valikut ülikoolis ja seda mõjutavaid tegureid ning mitmekeelsete suhtluspartnerite eestikeelse suhtluse pragmaatilisi aspekte (sinatamine, teietamine ja muud pöördumisvormid, vältimisstrateegiad). Empiirilised andmed pärinevad kahest autorite poolt Tartu Ülikoolis kogutud andmestikust: vaatlusandmed ja intervjuud üliõpilaste keelevalikute kohta ning intervjuud nende keelelisest ja kultuurilisest kohanemisest ülikoolis. Meetodina kasutame kvalitatiivset deduktiivset sisuanalüüsi. Leidsime, et vene dominantkeelega tudengid tajuvad ülikooli keskkonnana, kus läheb vaja formaalset keelekasutust, samuti rõhutavad nad eesti- ja venekeelses suhtluspragmaatikas pöördumisvormide lahknevust.
Abstract. Birute Klaas-Lang, Kadri Koreinik, Kerttu Rozenvalde: From school to university: What cultural differences in communication do Russian-dominant students notice at the University of Tartu. The University of Tartu, being multilingual and multicultural, is a meeting point for different ethnic and school cultures. Last year, one tenth of the students at the University of Tartu had graduated from a Russian-language elementary school and a bilingual high school in Estonia. In the paper, we investigate which social norms or sociopragmatics specific to the Estonian language community are noticed by Russian-dominant students at the university. We analyse the choice of language of communication at the university and the factors influencing it, as well as the pragmatic aspects of the multilinguals’ communication in Estonian (tu and vous pronouns and other forms of address, avoidance strategies). The empirical data comes from two datasets collected by the authors at the University of Tartu: observational data and interviews about students’ language choices, and interviews about their linguistic and cultural adaptation at the university. We use qualitative deductive content analysis as a method. We found that Russian-dominant students perceive the university as an environment that requires formal language use and using forms of address in a manner that is unfamiliar to most interviewees.
Centella asiatica (CA) or Gotu cola is an herbal plant from the Apiaceae family with a long history of usage in different traditional medicines. It has long been used for the treatment of various ...ailments such as central nervous system (CNS), skin and gastrointestinal disorders especially in the Southeast Asia. This chapter focused on the phytochemical constituent and pharmacological activities of CA based on preclinical and clinical studies. Additionally, botanical description and distribution, traditional uses, interactions, and safety issues are reviewed. Electronic databases of Google Scholar, Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science were searched to obtain relevant studies on the pharmacological activities of CA. Approximately, 124 chemical compounds including triterpenoids, polyphenolic compounds, and essential oils have been isolated and identified from CA. Ethnomedicinal applications of CA mostly include treatment of gastrointestinal diseases, wounds, nervous system disorders, circulatory diseases, skin problems, respiratory ailments, diabetes and sleep disorders in various ethnobotanical practices. Pharmacological studies revealed a wide range of beneficial effects of CA on CNS, cardiovascular, lung, liver, kidney, gastrointestinal, skin, and endocrine system. Among them, neuroprotective activity, wound healing and treatment of venous insufficiency, as well as antidiabetic activity seem to be more frequently reported. At the moment, considering various health benefits of CA, it is marketed as an oral supplement as well as a topical ingredient in some cosmetic products. Additional preclinical studies and particularly randomized controlled trials are needed to clarify the therapeutic roles of CA.
Kümme aastat tagasi leidsid Franco Moretti ja tema kolleegid oma uurimismeetodile mahuka määratluse – kvantitatiivne formalism, vastandades seda vene formalismile, mis nende arvates oli ...kvalitatiivne. Formalistliku teadusprogrammi tuumaks on kunstilise teksti struktuurilis-funktsionaalne analüüs, mida formalistid ise nimetasid morfoloogiliseks, ja seda võib pidada kvalitatiivseks. Kuid väide kvantitatiivse formalismi uudsuse kohta vastab tõele vaid osaliselt. Selle tõestamiseks keskendub autor kahe Moskva Lingvistilise Ringi liikme – Boriss Tomaševski ja Boriss Jarho – kvantitatiivse poeetika käsitlustele ning pöörab erilist tähelepanu Jarho leiutisele, mida hiljem nimetati kauglugemiseks. Kahe kvantitatiivse formalismi võrdlusel pole mitte ainult ajaloolis-teaduslik tähtsus, vaid ka metodoloogiline väärtus, kuna see tutvustab palju lähenemisviise, mis osutuvad tänapäeva digihumanitaariale kasulikuks.
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Ten years ago, Franco Moretti and his co-authors described their research method as “quantitative formalism”, in contrast to Russian Formalism of the 1910s and 1920s. The structural and functional analysis of poetic texts is the nucleus of the formalist agenda, and it can indeed be considered “qualitative”. However, quantitative formalism’s novelty depends upon narrowly construing “formalism” as it was understood by the Petrograd association Obshchestvo izucheniya poeticheskogo yazyka (Society for the Study of Poetic Language) or Opoyaz. Other formalist groups had previously approached the question of quantitative formalism, but this fact is not known to many scholars for whom the canon is limited to the Opoyaz variant of formalism presented in Tzvetan Todorov’s anthology (1965) and the later collections of formalist essays, from the “standard” published by Ladislav Matejka and Krystyna Pomorska in English in 1971 to the recent collection of Russian Formalists in Estonian translations edited by Märt Väljataga in 2014.
To demonstrate the historical development of quantitative analysis within Russian formalism, this essay focuses on the approaches to quantitative poetics developed by Boris Tomashevsky (1890–1957) and Boris Yarkho (1889–1942). Both Tomashevsky and Yarkho were members of the Moscow Linguistic Circle (MLC), co-founded by Roman Jakobson in 1915; the two scholars were recommended for membership in the MLC by Jakobson himself and elected unanimously at the same meeting on 21 June 1919. In 1960, Jakobson called Tomashevsky’s approach to verse “an example of the longest and, until recently, perhaps the most spectacular ties between linguistics, in particular the study of poetic language, on the one hand, and the mathematical analysis of stochastic processes on the other”. This approach “gave surprising clues for descriptive, historical, comparative, and general metrics on a scientific basis”. For example, Tomashevsky pioneered a statistical method of -his own invention that compares empirical indicators of verse rhythm with a theoretical model. James Bailey aptly called this approach “the Russian linguistic-statistical method for studying poetic rhythm” (1979).
His colleagues in the MLC recognized the importance of Tomashevsky’s quantitative verse studies at MLC meetings in 1919–1921. A collection of his essays was published with the title On Verse (O stikhe, 1929). However, later anthologies have included only those sections of his essays that do not contain statistics, charts, diagrams, or tables. There are no book-length monograph studies devoted to Tomashevsky in any language, and his name is less frequently mentioned than other formalists’. To a certain extent, Tomashevsky remains “le formaliste oublié”, as Catherine Depretto has recently put it (2018).
In his groundbreaking article on Yarkho published in Tartu in 1969, Mikhail Gasparov pointed out how Yarkho applied statistical methods with broader applicability than the study of versification alone. He used statistics for researching almost all aspects of the language of poetry and belles-lettres, motivated by a total quantification of poetics. In the paper, special attention is given to Yarkho’s then-novel approach of comparing many texts using a limited number of indicators. Specifically, he conducted a diachronic analysis of 153 five-act tragedies from 23 authors, using only four formal features: the number of scenes in the play as the measure of mobility of its action, the total number of characters in the play, the number of scenes with a particular number of speaking characters, and the standard deviation from the mean number of speaking characters in a scene. This is nothing else but an early example of “distant reading”, a term coined by Moretti many decades later.
The birth of new quantitative formalism outside Russia invites us to re-evaluate the history of Russian Formalism in toto. Yarkho, Tomashevsky, and their followers offered a plethora of ideas for quantifying literary evolution and individual literary works, defining specific aspects of literature that justify this approach, as well as meaningful conclusions which can be drawn from the resulting calculations. On the one hand, this re-evaluation is critical for understanding the historical development of Russian Formalism. On the other hand, a comparison of the historical and modern versions of quantitative formalism offers methodological insights that are relevant for researchers in contemporary digital humanities.
Wie lässt sich ästhetisches Denken offenlegen? Die Beiträge des Bandes folgen dazu der Spur bestimmter Begriffe wie Urteil, Synthese, Widerstand, Bildung, Berührung, Essay oder Predigt und machen sie ...als Praktiken ästhetischen Denkens sichtbar. In neun Essays verschieben sie dabei die Grenzen zwischen Kunst und Ästhetik, indem sie besonders poetische, visuelle und rhetorische Wirkungen von Gestaltungs-, Schreib- oder Filmarbeiten in den Fokus stellen. Dabei wird deutlich: Das Ästhetische verleiht dem »Wissen«, der »Kritik« oder auch dem »Schöpferischen« einen ebenso befremdlichen wie singulären Sinn.
Artiklis vaadeldakse eesti vaatama-verbi ja selle vene ning ukraina vastete sihilisust. Põhieesmärk on uurida, kui regulaarsed on korpuse andmetel ‘vaatama’ transitiivsed ehk sihilised ja ...intransitiivsed ehk sihitud mallid eesti ja kahes idaslaavi keeles. Kuna vene ja ukraina keeles on enamikul verbidest olemas aspektipaariline, uuritakse artiklis eesti vaatama imperfektiivset ja perfektiivset vastet vene ja ukraina keeles eesmärgiga kontrollida, kumba verbilekseemi kasutatakse transitiivselt potentsiaalselt sagedamini. Korpusepõhine uuring kinnitas, et verbi ‘vaatama’ sihilisus võib keeliti oluliselt erineda. Sama meetodit rakendades selgus, et vene ja ukraina keeles on nii perfektiivse kui ka imperfektiivse ‘vaatama’ sihilisus oluliselt väiksem kui eesti vaatama oma. Seejuures kasutatakse ukraina ja vene keeles perfektiivset verbi transitiivselt mõnevõrra sagedamini kui selle imperfektiivset paarilist. *** On the transitivity of the verb ‘watch’/’look’ in Estonian, Russian and Ukrainian *** The article studies the transitivity of the Estonian verb vaatama ‘watch, look’ and its Russian and Ukrainian equivalents. The aim is to determine how regular the transitive and intransitive patterns of ‘watch, look’ are in Estonian and two East Slavic languages. Since in Ukrainian and Russian most verbs have an aspectual pair, both the imperfective and perfective counterparts of Estonian vaatama were examined, in order to determine which verb lexeme is used transitively potentially more often. The corpus-based study confirmed that the transitivity of the verb ‘watch, look’ can vary significantly between languages. Applying the same method, it was found that the Russian and Ukrainian equivalents of Estonian vaatama have a significantly lower degree of transitivity. However, in Ukrainian and Russian the perfective verb is used transitively somewhat more often than its imperfective counterpart. The findings of the study indicate the importance of language-specific aspectual lexical semantics in determining the degree of transitivity and could be taken into account while teaching Estonian as a second or a foreign language and compiling dictionaries for language learners.
Artikkel annab esmase ülevaate pilootprojektis “Professionaalne eestikeelne õpetaja põhikoolis” osalenud Eesti koolide mitmekeelsete klasside 7–8-aastaste õpilaste keelelisest kasvukeskkonnast ning ...nende eesti keele oskusest projekti alguses. Tulemustest selgus, et valimis olnud 423 lapsest pea poolte kodus räägiti ainult vene, neljandikus kodudest ainult eesti ja ülejäänutel eesti ja vene või mõnda muud keelt või keelekombinatsiooni. Vene kodukeelega lastest on eesti keele oskus parem neil, kelle kokkupuude sihtkeelega on olnud pikem ja kel on kokkupuude keelega ka väljaspool kooli. Vähem kui pooled kodus vene keelt kõnelevatest lastest ei räägi eesti keeles ise ning vaid kaheksandik tuleb toime igapäevasuhtluses ja ülejäänud uuritud oskustest ükski ei ole omandatud rohkemal kui veerandil nendest lastest. Veneeesti kakskeelsete laste eesti keele oskus on parem kui venekeelsetel, kuid nende oskused ei ole siiski päris samal tasemel, mis kodus ainult eesti keelt kõ nelevatel lastel. *** The home language environment and Estonian skills of 7–8-year old children acquiring Estonian as a second language This article gives the first overview of the language environment and Estonian skills of 423 students from multilingual classes who participated in the pilot project “Professional Estonian teacher in high school”. About half of the students in the sample had homes where only Russian was spoken to them, 1/4 came from monolingual Estonian homes and the rest from homes with a combination of Estonian and Russian and/or another language. Students with a foreign home language come into contact with Estonian at school and via TV, computers and books. Most of the children from non-Estonian homes start hearing Estonian input when they enter daycare (around age 3). Children who have received input in Estonian for a longer period also had better communication skills in Estonian, on average. The results also indicated that less than half of the children who speak Russian at home were not able to speak Estonian or understood it only when it was spoken to them very slowly and clearly. The data also showed that the general communication skills of Russian-Estonian bilingual children lag behind the skills of similarly aged monolingual Estonian students, though they have more developed skills than children who speak only Russian at home.
Compression textiles as adjuvant physical interventions are increasingly applied for prophylaxis and treatment of chronic venous insufficiency (CVI), providing benefits of calibrated compression and ...controlled stretch. Pressure dosage delivered and mechanical properties (stiffness, elasticity and hysteresis) are determined by material nature, stitches structures, fabrication technology and delivery modes. Laplace’s Law and Pascal’s Law contribute to elaborate the static and dynamic working mechanisms behind the interaction between compression interventions and a biological body. However, there is still a lack of sufficient awareness on compression materials, and there is controversy regarding the best solution for clinical application of compression. This study integrates the views from physiology, pathophysiology, biomechanics, material science and textile engineering, to review and clarify physical–mechanical characteristics of compression materials, working mechanisms of textile-based compression interventions and their medical benefits in chronic venous insufficiency treatment. The aim is to enhance understanding of compression textiles applied in compression therapy, and to facilitate cooperation among multiple parties working in related supply chains, thus promoting textile-based compression interventions in chronic venous insufficiency treatment and growth of technical textiles applied in healthcare, medical and rehabilitation fields.
Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) is a common disorder worldwide. Related pathophysiological mechanisms reportedly involve venous pooling and reduced venous return, leading to heaviness, aching, ...itchiness, tiredness, varicosities, pigmentation, and even lower limb ulceration. Approaches adopted to manage CVI at various stages of clinical‐etiology‐anatomy‐pathophysiology include compression therapy, pharmacological treatment, ultrasound treatment, surgery, electrical or wireless microcurrent stimulation, and pulsed electromagnetic treatment. Among these, polymer‐based therapeutic compression materials and wound dressings play increasingly key roles in treating all stages of CVI because of their unique physical, mechanical, chemical, and biological functions. However, the characteristics, working mechanisms, and effectiveness of these CVI treatment materials are not comprehensively understood. The present systematic review examines the structures, properties, types, and applications of various polymer‐based compression materials and wound dressings used in prophylaxis and treatment of CVI. Existing problems, limitations, and future trends of CVI treatment materials are also discussed. This review could contribute to the design and application of new functional polymer materials and dressings to enhance the efficiency of CVI treatments, thereby facilitating patients' self‐care ability and long‐term health improvement.
Hemodijaliza (HD) je najčešća metoda nadomještanja bubrežne funkcije u svijetu. Tunelirani dijalizni kateteri (TDK) predstavljaju jednu od najčešće korištenih mogućnosti u osiguravanju žilnog ...pristupa za HD. Cilj retrospektivnog istraživanja bio je prikazati desetogodišnje iskustvo u postavljanju dijaliznih katetera u našem središtu. U razdoblju od 2012. do 2021. godine postavljeno je 1.660 dijaliznih katetera, od kojih su 80% bili TDK. Najčešće mjesto pristupa bila je desna unutarnja jugularna vena, potom lijeva unutarnja jugularna vena, femoralne vene te subklavijske vene. Svim bolesnicima dijalizni kateter je uspješno postavljen, a u postupcima je sudjelovalo dvanaest liječnika Zavoda za nefrologiju, od čega je sedam liječnika postavilo 89% svih katetera, a četvero
liječnika ima više od 300 postavljenih dijaliznih katetera po osobi. Zaključno možemo reći da organizirani programi postavljanja katetera osiguravaju velik broj bolesnika i iskustvo operaterima za učinkovito postizanje žilnog pristupa i najsloženijim bolesnicima.
