El artículo aborda las transformaciones de la vinicultura de la localidad lickanantay de Toconao, en el norte de Chile, como respuesta a la vertiginosa diversificación del rubro turístico en el ...desierto de Atacama. Por medio del caso del vino toconar se visibilizan procesos de adaptación y emprendimientos indígenas en los poblados atacameños para actuar en la economía turística, centralizada desde la década de 1990 en empresas afuerinas. En ellos, los habitantes de las comunidades han articulado productos y lugares endémicos a un modelo económico rentable, donde los insumos circulan como rutas turísticas y etnomercancías. La investigación reconstruye el proceso de conversión de tradiciones agrarias en mercancías a través de une serie de datos etnográficos y testimonios que muestran las disputas y las adaptaciones del poblado indígena para percibir las rentas del turismo.
In line with green chemistry principles, a headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) method was developed and optimized to study the profile of ...biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) in soil samples from vineyards. The 75 µm CAR/PDMS fiber was selected for the identification of BVOCs in soil. The analytical method showed very good linearity (R2 ≥ 0.9914), sensitivity, and precision. Subsequently, soil matrix effect (ME) was examined on the BVOCs emission, through combined standard addition and internal standard (IS) calibration curves. The validated and optimized method was further applied in real soil samples from three vineyard areas of Cyprus (Omodos, Polemi, and Agros). Thirty-eight BVOCs were identified in total; among them acetone (0.65–5.96 μg/kg), hexane (0–0.50 μg/kg), heptane (0–0.18 μg/kg), trichloromethane (0.13–0.21 μg/kg), 1,2-dichloropropane (0.05–1.37 μg/kg), cyclohexane (0–0.26 μg/kg), benzene (0–0.51 μg/kg), toluene (0–0.54 μg/kg), p-xylene (0.15–0.97 μg/kg), and 1,3-di-tert-butyl-benzene (7.91–29.55 μg/kg) were quantified. The results revealed that the sampling vineyard location affects the BVOCs emissions in each soil. Also, vineyard elevation, soil pH, Ca, N, Zn, and Fe showed a significant correlation with the BVOCs emissions, which explains why vineyard soil regions are distinguished from each other, concluding that sample from Agros is the most abundant in BVOCs emissions.
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•Optimised HS-SPME-GC-MS method for the biogenic VOCs of Cyprus vineyard soils.•Standard addition and internal standard to control the soil matrix effect.•BVOCs correlation with vineyard elevation and soil physicochemical properties.•Vineyard’s sample location differentiates the soil biogenic VOCs composition.
Ancient Wine McGovern, Patrick E
2019, 2013., 20131031, 2007, 2019-10-01, 2003-01-01, Letnik:
66
eBook
The history of civilization is, in many ways, the history of wine. This book is the first comprehensive and up-to-date account of the earliest stages of vinicultural history and prehistory, which ...extends back into the Neolithic period and beyond. Elegantly written and richly illustrated,Ancient Wineopens up whole new chapters in the fascinating story of wine and the vine by drawing upon recent archaeological discoveries, molecular and DNA sleuthing, and the texts and art of long-forgotten peoples.
Patrick McGovern takes us on a personal odyssey back to the beginnings of this consequential beverage when early hominids probably enjoyed a wild grape wine. We follow the course of human ingenuity in domesticating the Eurasian vine and learning how to make and preserve wine some 7,000 years ago. Early winemakers must have marveled at the seemingly miraculous process of fermentation. From success to success, viniculture stretched out its tentacles and entwined itself with one culture after another (whether Egyptian, Iranian, Israelite, or Greek) and laid the foundation for civilization itself. As medicine, social lubricant, mind-altering substance, and highly valued commodity, wine became the focus of religious cults, pharmacopoeias, cuisines, economies, and society. As an evocative symbol of blood, it was used in temple ceremonies and occupies the heart of the Eucharist. Kings celebrated their victories with wine and made certain that they had plenty for the afterlife. (Among the colorful examples in the book is McGovern's famous chemical reconstruction of the funerary feast--and mixed beverage--of "King Midas.") Some peoples truly became "wine cultures."
When we sip a glass of wine today, we recapitulate this dynamic history in which a single grape species was harnessed to yield an almost infinite range of tastes and bouquets.Ancient Wineis a book that wine lovers and archaeological sleuths alike will raise their glasses to.
The development of viticulture through Gaul, whose economic and cultural importance is well known, is a well-documented question today, including for inland Gaul. However, this has not been treated ...on the scale of the vast territory of central Gaul (Galliae Lugdunensis and Aquitania) represented by the entire Loire watershed. This is what we propose to examine here in detail – from the origins to the 6th-7th centuries – for this set of cities concerned, scrutinized one by one, by mobilizing all the documentation through, in turn, textual, iconographic and archaeological data of all kinds, from the facilities assigned to this production to archaeo-botanical data, whose relative heuristic value will be weighed. This will allow us to review, in a historiographical and critical way, the abundant file of the biturica vine, by examining the data of the city of Bituriges Vivisci in parallel with those of Bituriges Cubi.
The grapes production in Brazil is comprised in southeastern and southern regions and also in the semi-arid Pernambuco. Environmental, climatic and even human factors influence on quality of grape ...production, which are sensitive to weather changes. In Alagoas State, a pilot project was carried out for Municipalities of Rio Largo, Pão de Açúcar and Delmiro Gouveia between 2013 to 2015 years; but the results were incipient. This work evaluated the climatic aptitude for grapevine cultivation for municipality of Pão de Açúcar. For climate characterization, three indices of the Geoviticure Multicriteria Climatic Classification System (MCC) were adopted: Heliothermic (HI), Cold Night (CI) and Dryness (DI), considering different cycles during the year. The Zuluaga Index (IZ) was also used to evaluate the risk of incidence of fungal diseases of the vine, especially in relation at mildew incidence (Plasmoparaviticola), a major disease in humid regions. According on CI, DI and ZI indices, the municipality of Pão de Açúcar presented climatic aptitude for vines production with highest quality potential between August to January months, classified as preferential for all indexes analyzed.
Climate change has been driving warming trends and changes in precipitation patterns and regimes throughout Europe. Future projections indicate a continuation of these trends in the next decades. ...This situation is challenging the sustainability of viniculture and, thus, significant efforts towards adaptation should be then carried out by local winegrowers.
Ecological Niche Models were built, using the ensemble modelling approach, to estimate the bioclimatic suitability of four main wine-producing European countries, namely France, Italy, Portugal, and Spain, in the recent past (1989-2005), for the cultivation of twelve Portuguese grape varieties. The models were then used to project the bioclimatic suitability to two future periods (2021- 2050 and 2051-2080) to better understand the potential shifts related to climate change (modeled after Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's Representative Concentration Pathways 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios). The models were obtained with the modeling platform BIOMOD2, using four bioclimatic indices, namely the "Huglin Index", the "Cool Night index", the "Growing Season Precipitation index", and the "Temperature Range during Ripening index" as predictor variables, as well as the current locations of the chosen grape varieties in Portugal.
All models performed with high statistical accuracy (AUC > 0.9) and were able to discriminate several suitable bioclimatic areas for the different grape varieties, in and around where they are currently located but also in other parts of the study area. The distribution of the bioclimatic suitability changed, however, when looking at future projections. For both climatic scenarios, projected bioclimatic suitability suffered a considerable shift to the north of Spain and France. In some cases, bioclimatic suitability also moved towards areas of higher elevation. Portugal and Italy barely retained any of the initially projected varietal areas. These shifts were mainly due to the overall rise in thermal accumulation and lower accumulated precipitation in the southern regions projected for the future.
Ensemble models of Ecological Niche Models were shown to be valid tools for winegrowers who want to adapt to a changing climate. The long-term sustainability of viniculture in southern Europe will most likely have to go through a process of mitigation of the effects of increasing temperatures and decreasing precipitation.
•Demarcated Douro Region viticulture, ecosystem and environment.•Influence of Demarcated Douro Region terroir in Port wine quality.•Climate, soil, ampelography and human activity as the main pillars ...of terroir.•Color, aroma, and flavor of different styles of Port wines.
Port wine is an internationally acclaimed fortified wine produced in Douro Demarcated Region (DDR) in Portugal, and recognized with protected designation of origin. This review represents a compilation of the known chromatic and aromatic descriptors of Port wine. A comprehensive review of literature is performed regarding the influence of geography, climate, soil, grapevine cultivars, and vitivinicultural practices on the unique Port wine attributes. This manuscript provides an extensive insight regarding the different aspects that influence the quality and uniqueness of Port wine, especially its main sensory attributes: colour, aroma, and flavour. Its main goal is to assess the importance of the DDR as a unique and defined terroir that ensures quality and confers authenticity.
This article explains the social and economic changes that transpired in Turkey's rural areas by focusing on a vigneron village in the country's northwest. My goal is to show that the ...neo-liberalization of Turkey's economy in the 1980s and the privatization of state-owned production facilities in the 2000s exacerbated the devaluation of farmers' products and the depreciation of their labor. As a result of income unpredictability and an aging population, agrarian communities have either turned their vineyards into olive groves or uprooted them. Meanwhile, since the early 2000s, grape cultivation in Turkey has entered a wine-oriented phase primarily led by urbanites from non-agricultural sectors. Even though the percentage of wine grapes has increased in recent years, they mostly come from newly established vineyards of a new class of wine entrepreneurs. Based on 13 months of ethnographic research in vineyards and small-scale wineries in Turkey's Thrace, I argue that the peasantry in Turkey is in a transition that poses an indeterminate future for the country's grape cultivation and vineyard areas.
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