Ovrha na virtualnim valutama Arambašić, Jelena
Zbornik pravnog fakulteta u Zagrebu,
4/2024, Letnik:
74, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Domaće pozitivnopravno uređenje opisuje virtualne valute podvrstom virtualne imovine. Budući da se smatraju imovinom te su prenosive i imaju novčanu protuvrijednost, oportuno je istražiti jesu li ...sposobne biti predmet ovrhe. Kako Ovršni zakon ne regulira ovrhu na virtualnim valutama, u radu se raspravlja mogu li se virtualne valute u kontekstu ovršnog postupka podvesti pod kategoriju drugih imovinskih odnosno materijalnih prava. Također se pobliže razmatraju potencijalni problemi koji se mogu pojaviti u ovršnim radnjama pljenidbe i unovčenja s obzirom na glavne karakteristike virtualnih valuta. Zaključuje se kako zbog ovrhe na virtualnim valutama nije potrebno novelirati Ovršni zakon, već adaptirati ovršne radnje u skladu s karakteristikama virtualnih valuta.
Presenting a thorough overview and analysis of the security and privacy provisions of Bitcoin and its underlying blockchain clients, this thorough resource offers concrete solutions and ...recommendations on the best practices to use when relying o
The Crypto Market Ecosystem has emerged as the most profound application of blockchain technology in finance. This textbook adopts an integrated approach, linking traditional functions of the current ...financial system (payments, traded assets, fundraising, regulation) with the respective functions in the crypto market, in order to facilitate the reader in their understanding of how this new ecosystem works.
The book walks the reader through the main features of the blockchain technology, the definitions, classifications, and distinct characteristics of cryptocurrencies and tokens, how these are evaluated, how funds are raised in the cryptocurrency ecosystem (ICOs), and what the main regulatory approaches are. The authors have compiled more than 100 sources from different sub-fields of economics, finance, and regulation to create a coherent textbook that provides the reader with a clear and easily understandable picture of the new world of encrypted finance and its applications.
The book is primarily aimed at business and finance students, who already have an understanding of the basic principles of how the financial system works, but also targets a more general readership, by virtue of its broader scope and engaging and accessible tone.
U ovom članku autori razmatraju problematiku osiguravanja oduzimanja imovinske koristi u situacijama u kojima počinitelji kaznenih djela koriste virtualne valute i virtualne mjenjačnice kao ...sofisticirani način prikrivanja protuzakonito stečene imovinske koristi. Prikazuju se rezultati provedenog istraživanja o broju i sadržaju privremenih zamrzavanja i oduzimanja kriptovaluta kao imovinske koristi stečene kaznenim djelom u Republici Hrvatskoj. Kritički se preispituju uočeni nedostaci u Republici Hrvatskoj te se predlažu rješenja koja je nužno implementirati kako bi kazneni sustav učinkovito odgovorio na nove izazove koje kriptoimovina predstavlja za kazneno pravo, poglavito od šeste novele Kaznenog zakona, koja je uvela pojam virtualnih valuta u Kazneni zakon (2021.). Objašnjava se potreba i nužnost pravovremenog otvaranja virtualnih novčanika od strane policije u svakom pojedinom slučaju.
In this article, the authors consider the problem of ensuring the confiscation of propertybenefits in situations in which criminals use virtual currencies and virtual exchange as a sophisticated way of concealing illegally acquired property benefits. In this vein, the authors analyse the decision of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Croatia from 2020, which points to the importance of understanding Art. 77 of the Criminal Code when it comes to virtual exchange offices and virtual currencies before proceeding with the determination of a temporary asset security measure in cases where virtual currencies exist. The paper presents the results of the conducted research on the extent and content of temporary freezing and confiscation of crypto-currencies acquired in the Republic of Croatia. The essential need to open virtual wallets by the police in each individual case when cryptocurrencies are involved is explained. The observed shortcomings in the Republic of Croatia are critically reviewed, and certain solutions are proposed that should be implemented for the penal system to effectively espond to the new challenges that crypto-assets represent for criminal law. In this regard, the sixth amendment to the Criminal Code, which introduced the concept of virtual currencies in the Criminal Code, is especially relevant. The authors also propose the necessary operational steps that must be taken by police administrations in cooperation with the State Attorney’s Office to enable the issuing of warrants to the police to ensure the confiscation of pecuniary gain from illegal acts. The police should create a crypto wallet to which they will transfer all the funds that are found in the suspect’s cryptocurrency wallets, on a case-by-case basis. In cases where the suspects do not wish to hand over the private key to access the virtual wallet, the authors see a solution in engaging the resources of private companies that deal with Blockchain analysis, and which have the necessary technology to determine transactions from publicly available Blockchain data using analytical methods.
Ovaj rad analizira pravni okvir nacionalnih virtualnih valuta i takozvanih digitalnih valuta središnje banke (CBDC) iz perspektive komparativnog prava. Autori definiraju značenje pojmova „sredstvo ...plaćanja“ i „zakonsko sredstvo plaćanja“ te utvrđuju pravne posljedice uvrštavanja pojedinih sredstava plaćanja u zakonsko sredstvo plaćanja. Nadovezujući se na to, autori ističu nova dostignuća u području suverenih virtualnih valuta i analiziraju njihov razvoj kroz komparativnu pravnu analizu različitih nacionalnih virtualnih valuta. U tom kontekstu, autori predstavljaju njihov razvoj u različitim afričkim državama, posebno ističu inicijativu Venezuele za uvođenje prvog državnog kripto tokena te prve pilot-projekte CBDC-a u Urugvaju i Kini. Pri tom se posebno razmatra uvođenja CBDC-a u EU-u. Na temelju provedene analize tih sustava, posebno se ističu problemi u vezi s privatnošću, zaštitom korisnika i učinkovitom regulacijom platnih transakcija, a sve u cilju otklanjanja pravnih izazova koji bi se mogli pojaviti pri uspostavi potpuno funkcionalnog (nad)nacionalnog digitalnog eura (CBDC-a).
