Infekcije su jedan od vodećih uzroka mortbiditeta i mortaliteta u bolesnika s reumatskim bolestima. Iako su bakterije najčešći uzroci infekcija u tih bolesnika, imunosupresivna terapija koja ...poglavito djeluje na staničnu imunost (kortikosteroidi, ciklosporin, ciklofosfamid, leflumomid dijelom TNF-alfa antagonisti), suvremena monoklonska protutijela), može dovesti do reaktivacije i teških kliničkih slika uzrokovanih latentnim virusima kao što su predstavnici porodice Herpesvirusa te hepatitis B i C virus. Osobit problem ovih infekcija je diferencijalno dijagnostička mogućnost zamjene s egzacerbacijom osnovne bolesti. U radu se ukratko prikazuju glavna klinička obilježja, dijagnostički i terapijski pristupi najčešćim virusnim infekcijama u imunosprimiranih reumatskih bolesnika.
Tijekom 2005. i 2006. godine, prvi puta u Hrvatskoj je provedeno testiranje biljnog materijala masline na prisutnost virusa. Uzorci za testiranje su sakupljani na tradicionalnim maslinarskim ...područjima iz komercijalnih nasada masline, na dvadeset i pet lokaliteta. Uzorci su testirani na prisutnost osam vrsta virusa: ArMV, CMV, CLRV, OLV-1, OLV-2, OLRV, OLYaV i SLRV. Rezultati analiza provedenih primjenom RT-PCR metode, potvrdili su nazočnost virusa na oko 25 % uzoraka, a ukupno je potvrđena nazočnost četiri vrste virusa: OLYaV - Olive leaf yellowing-associated virus, CMV - Cucumber mosaic virus, OLV-2 - Olive latent virus 2 i SLRV – Strawberry latent ringspot virus.
Nazočnost virusa CMV je utvrđena na uzorcima sorata Istarska bjelica i Lastovka, SLRV na sortama Levantinka i Oblica, OLV-2 na sorti Lastovka, te OLYaV na sortama Bjelica, Istarska bjelica, Lastovka i Levantinka. Uzorci sorata Buža, Perišićeva mastrinka i Rosulja bili su negativni na nazočnost virusa.
Norwalk-like virusi ili Norovirusi iz porodice Caliciviridae spadaju u skupinu virusa uzročnika akutnog gastroenteritisa. Uzrokuju relativno blagu i kratku bolest ali imaju veliki epidemijski ...potencijal i lako se šire putem kontaminirane hrane i vode, te u kontaktu s oboljelim. U zatvorenim sredinama mogu izazvati protrahirane epidemije kontaktnim prijenosom s osobe na osobu. Nove dijagnostičke metode pokazale su da se radi o čestom uzročniku alimentarnih epidemija.
Školjkaši su često krivci za otrovanje ljudi hranom. U sat vremena jedan školjkaš može profiltrirati osam litara vode. U njoj se tijekom filtriranja vode zadržavaju hrana, akumuliraju se čestice ...fitoplanktona i razni mikroorganizmi. Neki od mikroorganizama mogu preživjeti u dagnji tako što prijeđu u vegetativni stadij. Ako takvog školjkaša pojede čovjek, u njegovu organizmu mikroorganizam prelazi iz vegetativnog u aktivni stadij i počinje se umnožavati. To u ljudi često rezultira bolestima kao što su trbušni tifus, hepatitis A, salmoneloze, šigeloze, gastroenteritisi i sl. Nadalje, konzumiranje školjkaša kontaminiranih toksičnim algama (dijatomejama, dinoflagelatima) uzrokuje različita otrovanja, a konzumiranje školjkaša iz područja onečišćenih produktima antropogenoga djelovanja može uzrokovati otrovanje teškim metalima.
Iz biljke Sternbergia lutea sa simptomima klorotične prugavosti na listovima izoliran je na pokusne biljke produženi virus nitastih čestica koji se prenosi afidima. Virus je u tkivu domaćina ...uzrokovao pojavu citoplazmatskih cilindričnih virusnih uklopina, što je upozoravalo na zarazu potyvirusom. Prema našem saznanju dosad na navedenoj jednosupnici nije zabilježena virusna infekcija.
Iz jednog stabla smokve (Ficus carica L.) s izraženim mozaičnim simptomima koje je raslo u dolini Drežanke (Hercegovina) izoliran je mehaničkim putem filamentozni virus dužine 750-800 nm. Virusom smo ...uspjeli inficirati izvjestan broj biljnih vrsta roda Nicotiana. Domaćini su reagirali sistemično u vidu blagog mozaika, tamnozelenih vrpci duž nerava ili su nakon prolaznog šarenila ostajali besimptomni.
Na osnovi oblika i dužine virusnih čestica i prisutnih cilindričnih inkluzija te neperzistentnog prenošenja lisnom uši Myzus persicae Sulz. može se zaključiti da virus izoliran iz smokve pripada skupini potyvirusa (Hollings i Brunt 1981).
Prisutnost cilindričnih inkluzija »pinwheel«, smotaka i laminatnih agregata upućuje da virus izoliran iz smokve pripada III. podskupini potyvirusa (Edwardson 1974, Edwardson i Christie 1978).
U ovom prikazu izneseni su glavni rezultati koji su dosad postignuti na području istraživanja kristaličnih uklopina biljnih virusa. Posebna pažnja posvećena je uklopinama koje u napadnutim stanicama ...stvara virus mozaika duhana.
Ti kristali mogu biti izgrađeni ili direktno od virusnih čestica (vi- rusni kristali) ili od samog proteina koji ne predstavlja virusne čestice (proteinski kristali). Virusni kristali mogu zadobiti oblik pravih kristala, parakristaličnih iglica, kutnih slojevitih agregata, složeno građenih virusnih vretena i tubularnih kristala. Proteinski kristali izgrađeni su vjerojatno od proteina koje kodira virus i koji se serološki razlikuju od proteina virusne kapside.
The most important viruses which in nature predominantly attack Cruciferae are: turnip mosaic virus (TuMV), cauliflower mosaic virus (CIMV), radish mosaic virus (RaMV), turnip yellow mosaic virus ...(TYMV), turnip crinkle virus (TCV), and turnip rosette virus (TRosV). Some of them are spread in many countries while the others were found in limited areas. TuMV has been detected in 7 or 8 European countries (Klinkowski 1968, Vukovits 1956, Blaszczak 1968), and also in the USA, Japan and China as well as in some other countries (Yoshii 1963); recently, it has been found in British Columbia (Stace-Smith and Jacoli 1967). CIMV is also widespread in Europe where it was observed in 13 countries (Klinkowski 1968; Kovacevski 1968, Giunchedi 1968); it is also known to exist in the USA (Tompkins 1937), New Zealand and Australia (Randles and Crowley 1967). Finding places of TYMV are apparently limited to Europe (comp. Matthews and Ralph 1966); this virus was first found in Scotland (Markham and Smith 1966); and later in 5 other countries in continental Europe. TCV was reported from Great Britain and India and TRosV only from Scotland (Hollings and Stone 1969; comp. Broadbent and Heathcote 1958). RaMV has been so far detected in the USA and Japan (Campbell and Tochihara 1969). Recently, Stefanac and Mamula (1971) found RaMV in Europe.
From the six above mentioned crucifer viruses the following four have been repeatedly found in Yugoslavia up to now: TuMV (Stefanac-Uđbinac et al. 1963), CIMV (Mamula and Milicic 1968; comp. Panj an and Prpic 1954), TYMV (Mamula et al. 1966) and RaMV (Stefanac and Mamula 1971). In order to obtain some evidence of the distribution of these viruses we have investigated them in many places of Yugoslavia, especially in the western part of the country (Fig. 1, Table 1 a. 2).
On the basis of distribution analysis we have established that the mentioned viruses are rather spread in Yugoslavia. The finding places of the viruses are denser in those parts of the country where they were investigated more intensively (Fig. 1). We have particularly closely investigated these viruses on turnip plants (Brassica rapa var. rapifera). Observations on the frequency of the viruses inside turnip fields were made during three years in Tuhelj and Ivancc near Zagreb and they are presented in Table 2. The most frequent virus was RaMV, the second in order of frequency being TYMV. CIMV and TuMV were not found so often. Mixed infections with all of these viruses were detected in very low percentage. In several fields near Ivanec turnip was infected only with RaMV (Table 2). In some localities (Tuhelj) the viruses were found repeatedly for several years.
During the autumn 1969 we visited southern Austria and established that TYMV and RaMV were rather spread in turnip fields (Fig. 1).
Identification of virus isolates was carried out by means of the following methods:
1. Observation of symptoms in field,
2. Analysis of intracellular changes,
3. Testing of isolates by serological method,
4. Investigation by means of test plants.
At least two of these methods were used for the identification of each isolate (Table 1).
On the basis of characteristic symptoms on field plants, especially on turnip, it is sometimes possible to identify crucifer viruses. In this plant TYMV produces outstanding variegation and mosaic with yellow, sometimes nearly white areas on leaves which are rarely deformed (Markham and Smith 1949). Field plants infected with RaMV mostly show necrosis on the whole leaf, specially on the midrib and the pedicie (Fig. 2a). Besides, they often have mosaic and chlorotic as well as necrotic rings and lines on leaf blades (Campbell 1964, Stefanac and Mamula 1971). Turnip plants affected by TuMV often exhibit mosaic and variegation, but the difference between the brighter and the darker areas of the leaf is not so remarkable as in the case of TYMV. Turnips attacked by C1MV show vein-banding, assymetrical leaves with laterally curved midribs and often get appearance of stunted rosette (Tompkins 1937, Mamula and Milicic 1968; comp. Broadbent 1957). C1MV infected plants often have well expressed vein-clearing on leaves as the first sign of infection; this symptom also appears in TuMV and TYMV infections and is particularly conspicuous in the latter. It is, however, absent from plants infected with RaMV. Only in TYMV infections stunting of plants is a symptom which is not often very expressive. Identification on the basis of symptoms in turnip plants can be done with a fairly high degree of certainty in the case of TYMV and RaMV, and somewhat less sure concerning TuMV and C1MV infections.
In the cells of their hosts crucifer viruses induce characteristic intracellular inclusion bodies and also some other changes, especially in plastids (Fig. 3a), which can be very helpful in their identification. Inclusions of TuMV, C1MV and TYMV have already been minutely studied and described (Rubio 1956, Milicic and Stefanac 1967, Milicic et al. 1969). Plants infected with RaMV also contain very specific inclusions (Stefanac and Ljubesic 1971, Stefanac and Mamula 1971). They are usually fairly big, specially in relation to inclusions of TuMV, TYMV and CIMV. In inclusions of RaMV, which sometimes contain distinct granula, one, or often more, fairly large vacuoles are mostly present (Fig. 3b).
Conspicuous intracellular changes have been noticed in turnip, white mustard, charlock, Chinese tabbage, Sisymbrium officinale and some other plants, whereas they are not so distinct in some varieties of Brassica oleracea. It would be useful to investigate inclusion bodies in B. oleracea varieties in more detail. Nevertheless, despite the difficulty in working with this species, the method of cell inclusions can be very useful for identification of crucifer viruses. The knowledge of intracellular changes has helped us very much in rapid identification of numerous isolates of all investigated viruses. This was especially the case in TYMV and RaMV infections, because intracellular alterations which arise under the influence of these viruses are very conspicuous (Fig. 3a, b).
Iznesenim radom po prvi je put obavljeno sveobuhvatno istra`ivanje zdravstvenog i genetičkog statusa divljih svinja koje je obuhvatilo područje 7 županija u Republici Hrvatskoj. Sveukupno je ...pretražen materijal od 745 životinja, od čega je najveći broj svinja odstrijeljenih u lovu 495 komada, zatim uzoraka krvi
prikupljenih od živih životinja 264 komada te lešina svinja nađenih u lovištu 31 komad. Odstrijeljene svinje su razvrstane po dobi, spolu i tjelesnoj masi, a lešine su obra|ene holoptićkom i metoptićkom patoanatomskom pretragom. Materijal prikupljen tijekom postmortalne pretrage, ali i krvni serum dobiven intravitalno,
podvrgnuti su laboratorijskim pretragama. Od ukupnog broja pregledanih ženskih životinja 72,8% bilo je gravidno. Pozitivni nalaz na svinjsku kugu pretragom slezena dalo je 4,8% pretraženih životinja, dok je serološkom pretragom na protutijela pozitivno reagiralo 39,3% seruma. Pretragama seruma na parvovirusnu infekciju svinja, PRRS, brucelozu i leptospirozu pozitivan titar dalo je 38%, 10,8%, 14% odnosno 30,6% pretraženih seruma. Od pretraženih limfnih čvorova na mikroorganizme iz skupine mikobakterija, 10,6% kulturelno je dalo pozitivan nalaz. Parazitološkim pretragama ukupno je determinirano 12 vrsta iz koljena nematoda, 1 iz akantocefala, 3 iz razreda trematoda, 2 iz razreda cestoda, 3 vrste iz skupine protozoa, 1 iz skupine uši, 2 iz skupine krpelja i jedna vrsta iz skupine šugaraca. Procjenom fenotipa svih pretraženih životinja, odstrijeljenih, uginulih i onih ulovljenih u lovke, utvr|ena je znatna promjena fenotipskog
izra`aja i to u smislu pojave nepoželjnih obilježja domaće svinje. Svi dobiveni rezultati raspravljeni su te su predložene neke nove smjernice.