DNA degradation in biological material needs to be better understood. Bloodstains on washed clothing are disturbed by washing procedures, sometimes transferred to other fabrics, often with latent ...bloodstains and usually with significantly degraded DNA. The samples (cotton fabric with bloodstains) are divided into six main groups, depending on the washing method regarding water temperature (95, 60, and 30 °C) and the detergent use. After completing the washing process, samples were stored for a certain period (1 day to 6 months) and subsequently analyzed. Analyses were performed using standard protocols and commercial kits to measure the remaining DNA quantity (concentration) and DNA degradation index in the processed samples. Our results revealed that the high washing temperature (60 and 95 °C) and the application of detergent have a synergic action on DNA degradation, while at 30 °C this effect is absent. Furthermore, the effect of detergent on accelerated DNA degradation is observed about a month after the washing. This delayed effect of detergent has no explanation in current literature data. To obtain optimal results from the bloodstains, we recommended that the period from the crime event and attempted cleaning by a perpetrator to the laboratory analysis should be less than 1 month.
The main aim of this work was to evaluate, at pilot scale in an industrial environment, the effects of the biocontrol agent Lactococcus lactis CBM21 and thyme essential oil compared to chlorine, used ...in the washing step of fresh-cut lamb’s lettuce, on the microbiota and its changes in relation to the time of storage. The modification of the microbial population was studied through pyrosequencing in addition to the traditional plate counts. In addition, the volatile molecule and sensory profiles were evaluated during the storage. The results showed no significant differences in terms of total aerobic mesophilic cell loads in relation to the washing solution adopted. However, the pyrosequencing data permitted to identify the genera and species able to dominate the spoilage associations over storage in relation to the treatment applied. Also, the analyses of the volatile molecule profiles of the samples during storage allowed the identification of specific molecules as markers of the spoilage for each different treatment. The sensory analyses after 3 and 5 days of storage showed the preference of the panelists for samples washed with the combination thyme EO and the biocontrol agent. These samples were preferred for attributes such as flavor, acceptability and overall quality. These results highlighted the effect of the innovative washing solutions on the quality of lettuce through the shift of microbiota towards genera and species with lower potential in decreasing the sensory properties of the product.
•Innovative solutions as an alternative to chlorine to guarantee lamb’s lettuce shelf-life.•Samples washed with alternative solutions showed a different volatilome than controls.•Washing solution affect the quality of lamb’s lettuce microbiota.•The use of innovative washing solutions affect the composition of spoilage microflora.•The sensory analyses highlight the preference by the panelists for innovative products.
This publication deals with the influence upon catalytic gold particle size distribution of the washing procedures preceding calcination. The proposed preparation method and washing procedures lead ...to perfectly reproducible gold catalysts with a gold particle size of less than 2
nm. An explanation for the mechanism of gold particle growth is proposed. A controlled use of ammonia as a washing agent strongly improves the dispersion of gold metal on alumina. The possibility of gold complexes being stabilised by the presence of ammonia is also discussed.
No standard or wholly proven method to determine the trace metal status of human or animal ‘hair’ yet exists. It is well known that hair–metal concentrations are highly influenced by washing ...procedures applied before analysis.
A novel method to determine the efficiency of washing procedures at removing exogenous contaminants was devised. It was shown that suitability of washing procedures was element-specific and increased sonication time during washing progressively removed more Mn and Zn from sheep wool. The efficiency of exogenous contaminant removal by including sonication during washing was also dependant on the efficiency of procedures under study.
The Cu, Mn and Zn concentration, and thus exogenous contaminant level, of sheep wool increased in tandem with its age. Additionally, Cu and Zn concentrations of black wool were significantly higher than white wool: a relationship ascribed to melanins.
This investigation shows the necessity to standardise procedures used during analysis of ‘hair’ fibres, and to assess each washing procedure for each element before performing routine analysis.
► Normal washing procedures can lead to an incomplete removal of botanical ingredients. ► We propose an improvement of the washing procedure for in vitro skin irritation test. ► We test 3 new washing ...procedures for the ability to remove completely sticky/greasy substances. ► The SDS 0.1% PBS solution is the most suitable adaptation to ensure an efficient removal. ► The SDS 0.1% washing leads to an increase in the predictive ability of the assay.
Skin irritation evaluation is an important endpoint for the safety assessment of cosmetic ingredients required by various regulatory authorities for notification and/or import of test substances. The present study was undertaken to investigate possible protocol adaptations of the currently validated in vitro skin irritation test methods based on reconstructed human epidermis (RhE) for the testing of plant extracts and natural botanicals. Due to their specific physico-chemical properties, such as lipophilicity, sticky/buttery-like texture, waxy/creamy foam characteristics, normal washing procedures can lead to an incomplete removal of these materials and/or to mechanical damage to the tissues, resulting in an impaired prediction of the true skin irritation potential of the materials. For this reason different refined washing procedures were evaluated for their ability to ensure appropriate removal of greasy and sticky substances while not altering the normal responses of the validated RhE test method. Amongst the different procedures evaluated, the use of a SDS 0.1% PBS solution to remove the sticky and greasy test material prior to the normal washing procedures was found to be the most suitable adaptation to ensure efficient removal of greasy and sticky in-house controls without affecting the results of the negative control. The predictive capacity of the refined SDS 0.1% washing procedure, was investigated by using twelve oily and viscous compounds having known skin irritation effects supported by raw and/or peer reviewed in vivo data. The normal washing procedure resulted in 8 out of 10 correctly predicted compounds as compared to 9 out of 10 with the refined washing procedures, showing an increase in the predictive ability of the assay. The refined washing procedure allowed to correctly identify all in vivo skin irritant materials showing the same sensitivity as the normal washing procedures, and further increased the specificity of the assay from 5 to 6 correct predictions out of 7 non irritants as compared to the normal washing procedures. In addition, when exposed to non-irritant oily and viscous materials, tissues rinsed with 0.1% SDS generally showed increased viabilities accompanied by decreased variabilities as compared to the normal washing procedures. Similar results were obtained when testing typical in-house natural botanical ingredients. In conclusion, the use of a refined washing procedure making use of SDS 0.1% in PBS was found a suitable procedure to ensure efficient removal of greasy and sticky materials, leading to an increased predictive capacity and decreased variability of the tissue responses while maintaining its sensitivity and not affecting untreated tissues morphology and viability.
Concentrations of minor and trace elements (Mg, Ca, Fe, Ba, Cu, Zn, Cd, Ni, Al, Mn, Cr, Ti, and V) in the hair of three races of dogs (fox terrier, schnauzer, and mini schnauzer) were analyzed by the ...inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry method. The influence of five washing solutions, deionized water, acetone, methanol, EDTA, and Triton X-100, on the concentrations measured in hair was investigated. Triton X-100 was found to be suitable to use for the removal of exogenous elements in multielemental hair analysis. Additionally, the results indicated that the concentration of the elements measured in the dogs' hair were similar to those reported for human hair. The relation between the element content in the dog hair and its color were similar to those found for human hair.
Mouth washing after inhalation of corticosteroids is effective for prevention of local adverse effects. We determined the amounts of drug residues remaining on the oropharyngeal mucosa following ...inhalation of budesonide (BUD) via a Turbuhaler (BUD-TH) (100 μg). Further, we studied the effects of mouth washing on the removal of drug residues by quantification of BUD in expectorated wash solution using an HPLC method. The amount of BUD recovered after gargling and rinsing for 5 s each was 19.4±9.4 μg, as compared to 23.8±13.6 μg after rinsing alone for 10 s and 18.3±8.9 μg after gargling alone for 10 s, though the differences were not significant. Our results indicated that about 20% of the dose was remaining on the oropharyngeal mucosa after inhalation. In a comparison of washing times, the amounts of BUD recovered were 26.3±3.2 μg after gargling and rinsing for 3 s each, and 19.4±9.3 μg after those for 5 s each. As for the effect of lag time before beginning mouth washing, the ratio of BUD recovered following mouth washing with a lag time of 1 min was 73.2%, while it was reduced to 27.8% after 10 min, as compared to immediate mouth washing following administration. Our results suggest that the amount of BUD removed by mouth washing is associated with the lag time between inhalation and mouth washing, however, not with the duration of mouth washing. We concluded that immediate mouth washing after inhalation is most useful for the removal of drugs following BUD-TH administration.
Chromatographic gel filtration matrixes used in various separation techniques are subject to microbial contamination. The need for a microbe-free column is critical when preparing materials that ...require a low or zero microbial count. This report proposes two alternative washing systems: 0.02 N HCl containing 0.81% NaCl, and 0.1 M tromethamine--hydrochloride buffer (pH 7.0) containing 0.81% NaCl and 0.02% thimerosal. These washing systems were validated using a 100 x 2.6-cm column packed with a modified dextran gel slurry previously inoculated with known counts of USP test organisms. After each wash, the column separation characteristics were verified further with appropriate test proteins.
Migration sedimentation and spermatozoa swim-up techniques were used for obtaining spermatozoa from the semen samples of 39 infertile men. Concentration, percentage of motile sperm, velocity, ...linearity, and motility index of the sperm preparations obtained by both methods were compared using the CellSoft automated sperm motion analyzer. The mean velocity of the spermatozoa obtained after the migration sedimentation technique was significantly higher than that with swim-up technique. Since it is not necessary to centrifuge spermatozoa with the migration sedimentation technique, this method may be more desirable than other techniques using centrifugation.
Leaf samples of glasshouse crops may be severely contaminated. Five experiments were carried out to determine how the contaminants could best be removed. The effects of the materials and equipment ...used in the drying and milling of the samples were also investigated.
Various washing solutions and methods were compared in the experiments. On the whole, the best results were obtained by washing with a solution of Teepol or hydrochloric acid. In cases of severe contamination, a combination of Teepol and acid may be recommended.
When drying and milling crop samples, it is essential to avoid contact with materials containing elements for which the samples are to be analysed.
The washing procedures proved to have an effect on the contents of. some trace elements, but not on the contents of major elements. Recommendations are given for washing crop samples.
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