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•Effect of non-halogenated flame retardant phytic acid (PA) for cotton and wool fabrics is reviewed.•PA is involved in both condensed and gas phase mechanisms to confer fire ...retardancy.•PA absorption on wool is optimum at low pH (ca. 1) as opposed to cotton (pH of 4–5).•For cotton, amine functionalised molecules/polymers reduce the acidic nature of PA.•PA-based wool’s washing durability is enhanced by esterification and amidation.
Phytic acid (PA) is one of the widely used flame retardants (FRs) to treat a variety of fabrics owing to its high phosphorus content of ca. 28 wt% (with respect to its molecular weight), abundance, non-toxicity, and biocompatibility. The current review discusses the state-of-the-art of PA-based FRs for natural fabrics such as cotton and wool. The possibilities of making PA and FR-based multi-functional cotton fabrics having antimicrobial, conductive, hydrophobic properties are reported by virtue of the synergistic benefits associated with chitosan, silicon, nitrogen, and boron-based molecules. The factors influencing the FR behaviour as well as the durability of PA-based cotton and wool fabrics are discussed with respect to the concentration of PA, pH of the coating solution, temperature, and preparation methods. Holistically, PA has been proved to be a potential alternative to halogenated FRs to confer fire retardant property to cotton and wool fabrics.
Zeolitic imidazolate framework-67 (ZIF-67) formed by Co2+ and 2-methylimidazole (MIM) is widely used for adsorption and separation of pollutants. However, there are some disadvantages for ZIF-67 ...powder, such as strong electrostatic interaction and difficulty in recovery from the liquid phase. The available way to solve the above problems is choosing a suitable substrate to load ZIF-67. The amino and hydroxyl of wool fabrics effectively capture and fix ZIF-67, making it easy to separate ZIF-67 by taking out the composite materials from aqueous solution. In this study, ZIF-67/Wool fabric (ZW) was successfully prepared. The results show that ZIF-67 has better adsorption performance for reactive dyes with more sulfonic groups, higher molecular weight and lower steric resistance. The equilibrium adsorption capacity of ZW for reactive red 195 was 4.15 mg g−1. The adsorption accorded with pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm. This study improved the application of ZIF-67, which provided a treatment method for dyeing wastewater and made it possible to recycle waste wool.
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•ZIF-67 is bonded on the wool surface by coordination bonds after in-situ growth.•ZIF-67 on wool fabric still has a high adsorption capacity for the reactive dyes.•Wool as the substrate can enhance adsorption capacity of dyes under strong alkaline conditions.•Reactive red 195 is deposited on ZIF-67/wool, which is spontaneous endothermic.•ZIF-67 is easily separated from aqueous solution by taking out the wool fabric.
To conserve wool textiles from insect attack, they are frequently treated with emulsions of natural and synthetic pyrethroid in an aqueous medium. Although the treatment is highly effective, it ...produces toxic effluent. In this work, insect-resist wool fabrics were produced by treating them with a natural diterpene (totarol), and a synthetic pyrethroid (permethrin) in a subcritical carbon dioxide (subc-CO2) medium. The totarol treatment failed to provide any insect-resist activity but the permethrin treatment even at 0.03% on the weight of wool fiber (owf) showed excellent insect-resist properties and the mortality of the larvae was more than 98%. The wool fabrics treated with permethrin at 0.03% owf under subc-CO2 only marginally lost insect resistance after 20 washes (equivalent to 80 domestic washes) but at 0.09% owf, still, the mortality of larvae was more than 98%. However, the fabric treated with 0.05% owf by the traditional aqueous treatment completely lost its insect-resistance property after 5 washes. The Soxhlet extraction of permethrin with dichloromethane from the treated fabric and GC-MS analysis of the extracted permethrin suggest that most of the permethrin was absorbed into the wool fiber. The developed process could be a durable and sustainable treatment for the conservation of wool textiles.
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•Wool fabrics were treated with torarol and permethrin insect-resist agents under subc-CO2.•The insect-resistance of treated fabric was compared with the aqueous-treated fabric.•The totarol-treated fabric did not exhibit any insect resistance even at a very high dosage.•The fabric treated with permethrin by the aqueous method lost insect resistance after 10 washes.•The permethrin-treated fabric by the subc-CO2 method showed insect resistance after 20 washes.
Sustainable products particular plant pigments as colorants have gained a worldwide fame due to their ayurvedic and eco-friendly nature. In this research, improvement in colorfastness of Coral ...Jasmine (Nyctanthes Arbortristis) based yellow natural pigment has been investigated using eco-friendly shade developers (mordants) after being separated from crude mixture in aqueous medium and applied before and after dyeing of wool at given conditions in microwave radiation (MW). It has been found that 35 mL of yellow water extract (6 pH) of Coral Jasmine after irradiation upto 4 min, has given high colour yield onto MW-irradiated wool when used to dye wool at 85 °C for 35 min in presence of 2 g/100 mL of salt. Before dyeing 0.5% of tannic acid and 0.5 % of orange peel, 2 % of acacia and 1.5 % of pomegranate extract has developed colourfast shades of high strength. Similarly after dyeing, 2.5 % of tannic acid, 2 % of orange peel, 2.5 % of acacia and 1.5 % of pomegranate extract has developed colourfast shades of high strength also. It is inferred that eco-friendly mordants has played promising role in improving bio-colouring behaviour of wool with Nyctanthes Arbortristis but also addition of MW-rays to get high yield has made process more sustainable and valuable.
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•The microwave-assisted extraction of Nyctanthes dye was investigated.•Bio-mordanting were used as a replace of metal mordant.•Bio-dyeing of wool shown excellent fastness properties.•Nyctanthes Arbortristis based yellow natural dye can be an alternative of synthetic dyes.
The recent pandemic scenario has caused demand for green products that have medicinal aspects, as well as greener approaches for global health. Natural dye from plants, particularly from harmal ...seeds, is an excellent alternative to carcinogenic yellow synthetic dyes. The current study has been conducted to isolate natural colorants from harmal seeds in methanolic medium through Gamma-Assisted Extraction (GAE). The dyeing variables that are necessary for shade development before and after mordanting were selected. It has been found that 6 kGy is the optimal absorbed dose for extraction of colorant from 6 g of powder to isolate the colorant in the methanolic medium through the Gamma-irradiated extraction mode (GAE). To get excellent results, 30 mL of methanolic extract containing 6 g/100 mL of Glauber salt was sued for dyeing of irradiated wool at 45 °C for 65 min. For improving the color strength and acceptable rating of fastness, 9% of henna, 3% of acacia, 10% of turmeric, and 7% of pomegranate extracts as pre-bio-mordants as well as 7% of acacia, 3% of pomegranate, 9% of henna, and 10% of turmeric extracts as post-mordants have given high results compared to when chemical mordants have been used. It was concluded that Gamma-ray treatment has excellent color strength in the dyeing of bio-mordanted wool using harmal seed extracts under mild conditions, and has good fastness ratings after using chemical and bio-mordanting methods as well.
This study examined the utilization of different metal nanoparticles encapsulated in biopolymer material in the presence or absence of lemon oil to cellulosic and proteinic fabrics to obtain textile ...material with mosquito-repellent, fragrance, and antibacterial Properties. Encapsulation of lemon oil into the biopolymers was performed using the mechanical homogenizing mixing method. several treatments for textile materials using pad-dry-packing procedures were devolved in the presence or absence of metal nanoparticles. the natural polymers were used in various concentrations (3%, 5%, and 10%). For each polymer, varied concentrations with encapsulated oil were utilized. Different methods were used to investigate the finished textile materials in terms of their physical-mechanical characteristics. The treated fabrics with AgNPs (5%) encapsulated in gelatin biopolymer give higher antimicrobial activity; the treated fabrics with TiO2NPs (5%) encapsulated in pectin biopolymer give higher mosquito repellent activity; and the treated fabrics with ZnONPs (5%) encapsulated in gelatin biopolymer give higher UPF values. The physical and mechanical qualities of the treated textiles perform well when compared to untreated cloth.
•utilization of different metal nanoparticles encapsulated in biopolymer material.•using encapsulated lemon oil to cellulosic and proteinic fabrics.•using encapsulated metal nanoparticlesl to cellulosic and proteinic fabrics.•obtain textile material with mosquito-repellent, fragrance, and antibacterial Properties.
E-textile consisting of natural fabrics has become a promising material to construct wearable sensors due to its comfortability and breathability on the human body. However, the reported fabric-based ...e-textile materials, such as graphene-treated cotton, silk, and flax, generally suffer from the electrical and mechanical instability in long-term wearing. In particular, fabrics on the human body have to endure heat variation, moisture evaporation from metabolic activities, and even the immersion with body sweat. To face the above challenges, here we report a wool-knitted fabric sensor treated with graphene oxide (GO) dyeing followed by l-ascorbic acid (l-AA) reduction (rGO). This rGO-based strain sensor is highly stretchable, washable, and durable with rapid sensing response. It exhibits excellent linearity with more than 20% elongation and, most importantly, withstand moisture from 30 to 90% (or even immersed with water) and still maintains good electrical and mechanical properties. We further demonstrate that, by integrating this proposed material with the near-field communication (NFC) system, a batteryless, wireless wearable body movement sensor can be constructed. This material can find wide use in smart garment applications.
Sustainable extraction of functional colorant from dye-yielding plant through microwave radiations is gaining popularity due to its cost, time and effective nature. Current study is concerned with ...the microwave-assisted exploration of Arjun bark natural colorant for dyeing of mordanted wool fabric. Extracts obtained in various media were irradiated up to 6 min and were used to dye wool. It is found that acid methanol-solubilized extract (3 pH) from 4 g powder upon irradiation for 4 min has given darker shades onto irradiated wool at dyeing for 75 min. FTIR analysis shows that there is no change in chemical nature of functional site of wool, whereas SEM analysis shows that there are some morphological changes occurring at the surface. At optimal conditions, acceptable fastness characteristics are obtained, when 9% of turmeric extracts as pre- and post-bio-mordant and 5% of Fe as pre- and 3% of Fe as post-mordant is employed. It is concluded that microwave has not only improved the functional behavior of natural colorant from Arjun bark for wool dyeing but also the addition of green mordants has made dyeing process more esthetic.
It is a trouble to solve the problem of wool fabric shrinkage in daily washing. Coating finishing on wool fiber surface can effectively reduce shrinkage rate. In this study, wool fabrics were ...pretreated with H2O2 and papain. Then the pretreated wool fabric was coated with chitosan to prepare antibacterial and anti-felting fabric by employing a simple low temperature grafting method. The coated wool fabric showed expectant hydrophilic property without changing the original whiteness. Dye permeability and contour sharpness of inkjet printing wool fabrics were improved by grafting chitosan compared to pretreated wool fabric. The K/S values of wool fabric increased by 40.8 % and stayed high resolution in printed pattern. The area shrinkage of wool fabric decreased from 11.5 % to 4.7 %, which was obviously lower than “machine washable” index (8 %). What's more, the existence of chitosan coating onto wool fibers resulted in outstanding antibacterial property against E. coli in the inhibition ring test. This work opens up a pathway to fabricate anti-felting and antibacterial wool fabrics in practical production with chitosan.
•Utilizing simple surface grafting to fabricate functional wool fabrics without changing the original whiteness.•The K/S value of inkjet printing wool fabric is increased by 40.8 % by chitosan coating.•Chitosan macromolecules endowed wool fabrics outstanding shrink resistance and certain antibacterial properties.•This work provided an effective way to realize large-scale production of functional wool fabrics.
Metal ion mordants are commonly used in the process of dyeing natural fabrics, such as cotton, wool, and silk, to improve their color fastness, but the use of metal salts results in toxic metal ...wastes which can harm the environment and are costly to process. This study investigated the dyeing and functionalization of wool fabrics with Alizarin Red S (ARS), catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and H
2
O
2
, as well as the polymerization mechanism of the ARS/HRP-H
2
O
2
system and possible covalent conjugation mechanisms with wool fiber proteins. The dyeing process was optimized by determining the effects of HRP and ARS dosages, reaction temperature, and reaction time on ARS dyeing performance, as well as the color fastness and antibacterial properties of the resulting dyed fabrics. The HRP and H
2
O
2
catalyzed polymerization of ARS and covalent attachment of the polymers to the wool fibers resulted in dyed fabrics with high color fastness; the rubbing and washing fastness were both 4–5. The antibacterial properties of dyed wool fabrics were excellent, achieving 92.3% growth inhibition of
Escherichia coli
. Therefore, the HRP-H
2
O
2
system has great potential to replace metal mordants in the dyeing process of natural fibers and reduce the production of toxic wastes by this industry.
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