Traditional Z-test methods during noninvasive prenatal screens (NIPS) use the fixed parameter of standard deviation (SD), which ignores the influence of actual sequencing read counts of a sample on ...the results. The aim of this study is to eliminate the influence of the sequencing depth of individual samples on the results and enhance the power of NIPS.
In this study, we propose an improved NIPS method, which calculates the SD in the Z-score process adaptively according to the actual read count of the test sample. Our approach obtained the SD linear fitting function along with the read count with a large number of reference samples, in which SD and read count fit well. The effectiveness of our enhanced NIPS method was evaluated on three common trisomy syndromes and five recurrent CNV syndromes with 3219 and 6592 samples based on whole genome sequencing of maternal peripheral blood.
A total of 3,219 pregnant samples have been used for validating the proposed method on detecting fetal trisomy syndromes (T13, T18, and T21), in which eight false negative (FN) samples have been corrected as true positive (TP) and eight false positive (FP) samples have been fixed as true negative (TN) with our proposed adaptive-SD method. Another 6592 samples were used to compare the two methods on detecting five recurrent fetal copy number variation (CNV) syndromes, in which the FP samples have decreased from 99 to 39.
Our adaptive-SD NIPS method shows more power on detecting both trisomy syndromes and five recurrent CNVs in the pregnant samples with diverse read counts. Besides, our proposed method contributes to lower FP and FN samples than the traditional Z-test method in NIPS. Our results show that our enhanced NIPS methods are effective in detecting both abnormal fetal trisomy syndromes and recurrent CNV syndromes in pregnant women.
The library and information services of the twenty first century are rapidly changing education learning patterns because of the rapid development of electronic publishing libraries. However, the ...literature reveals the considerable unpredictability in experience, challenges, and awareness about E-resources among college students during and after the COVID-19 Pandemic scenario. In the aftermath of the pandemic, everyone has been forced to learn and teach E-resources in educational institutions worldwide. Along with their academic demands, college students are confronted by a lack of knowledge of handling e-learning resources and low network connectivity in remote regions. In this aspect, this study commenced to describe the experience, challenges, and awareness about e-learning resources. A descriptive and diagnostic research design was adopted and primary data was collected from college students through Google Forms with participant consent. The basic information about respondents, experience, challenges, and awareness of E-resources are tools of the study. The statistical analysis is to be carried out based on the study's objective. This analysis was used to identify influential factors and to explore the relationships between e-learning experience, and resource awareness. Subsequently, the analysis is used to discuss recommendations for enhancing the utilization of e-learning resources based on the study's findings.
Retrograde amnesia is the inability to recollect memories from a certain period. In the following case study, a patient was assessed with the Zulliger inkblot test in an initial assessment before ...psychotherapy. At termination of the psychotherapy, 42 months later, the test was readministered. At this point, the patient had no recollection of having taken the test before, due to retrograde amnesia following electroconvulsive treatment that was given some time before the initial assessment. This situation offers a unique opportunity to study changes in test results after psychotherapy, without the memory effects of normal recollection of the initial testing. On the surface, many responses shared a striking similarity in content and wording. The structural data from coding of the test results, however, indicated important changes. These changes are discussed and elaborated in relation to the changes observed in the psychotherapeutic treatment.
The existing Z-test for uncertainty events does not give information about the measure of indeterminacy/uncertainty associated with the test.
This paper introduces the Z-test for uncertainty events ...under neutrosophic statistics. The test statistic of the existing test is modified under the philosophy of the Neutrosophy. The testing process is introduced and applied to the Covid-19 data.
Based on the information, the proposed test is interpreted as the probability that there is no reduction in uncertainty of Covid-19 is accepted with a probability of 0.95, committing a type-I error is 0.05 with the measure of an indeterminacy 0.10. Based on the analysis, it is concluded that the proposed test is informative than the existing test. The proposed test is also better than the Z-test for uncertainty under fuzzy-logic as the test using fuzz-logic gives the value of the statistic from 2.20 to 2.42 without any information about the measure of indeterminacy. The test under interval statistic only considers the values within the interval rather than the crisp value.
From the Covid-19 data analysis, it is found that the proposed Z-test for uncertainty events under the neutrosophic statistics is efficient than the existing tests under classical statistics, fuzzy approach, and interval statistics in terms of information, flexibility, power of the test, and adequacy.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection remains a worldwide epidemic, and innovative therapies to combat the virus are needed. Developing a host-oriented antiviral strategy capable of ...targeting the biomolecules that are directly or indirectly required for viral replication may provide advantages over traditional virus-centric approaches. We used quantitative proteomics by SWATH-MS in conjunction with bioinformatic analyses to identify host proteins, with an emphasis on nucleic acid binding and regulatory proteins, which could serve as candidates in the development of host-oriented antiretroviral strategies. Using SWATH-MS, we identified and quantified the expression of 3608 proteins in uninfected and HIV-1-infected monocyte-derived macrophages. Of these 3608 proteins, 420 were significantly altered upon HIV-1 infection. Bioinformatic analyses revealed functional enrichment for RNA binding and processing as well as transcription regulation. Our findings highlight a novel subset of proteins and processes that are involved in the host response to HIV-1 infection. In addition, we provide an original and transparent methodology for the analysis of label-free quantitative proteomics data generated by SWATH-MS that can be readily adapted to other biological systems.
Using profit margins as an intermediate variable, this research examines the effects of credit risk (X1), exchange rate risk (X2), and mortgage rates (X3) on equity yields in the context of banking ...businesses listed between 2020 and 2022 on the Bursa Efek Indonesia (BEI). A purposive sampling approach was used to determine the sample size, which was 43 firms. Path analysis and the Sobel Z test were applied to the data. The findings of the investigation may be summed up as follows: (1) The statistical significance of credit risk's impact on profit margins is shown by its p-value of 0.001, which is below the 0.05 cutoff. With a p-value more than 0.05, mortgage rates, however, do not show a statistically significant impact on profit margins. Moreover, a p-value greater than 0.05 indicates that profit margins do not substantially impact equity yields. (4) With a p-value >ccr0.05, credit risk has no discernible effect on equity yields. (5) In contrast, with a p-value smaller than 0.05, mortgage rates have a substantial impact on equity yields. (6) The Z-Sobel result drops below 1.96 at -0.87363822, indicating that credit risk does not directly influence equity yields via profit margins after doing an indirect impact analysis using Sobel's Z test route analysis. (7) In a similar vein, the Z-Sobel result of 0.35789034 stays below 1.96, indicating that mortgage rates do not directly affect equity yields via profit margins in the indirect impact study conducted using Sobel's Z-test route analysis.
This article serves as the first in a series that will offer recommendations for optimal data reporting, specifically focusing on statistical methods most frequently reported by the Cytopathology ...audience. Recommendations for reporting statistical results when comparing proportions is the first topic in the series since comparing proportions, particularly utilising the chi‐square test, was the most commonly reported inferential statistical test category over 2.5 years of Cytopathology articles.1 While this article will provide a summary of common tests used to compare proportions, an extensive review of each method, including test assumptions and calculations, is beyond the scope of this summary. The author recommends consulting a trained statistician prior to data collection to discuss an analytical plan, including determining the appropriate statistical test(s) to use.
This article serves as the first in a series that will offer recommendations for optimal data reporting, specifically focusing on statistical methods most frequently reported by the Cytopathology audience. Recommendations for reporting statistical results when comparing proportions is the first topic in the series since comparing proportions, particularly utilizing the chi‐square test, was the most commonly reported inferential statistical test category over 2.5 years of Cytopathology articles.
Crop classification is needed to understand the physiological and climatic requirement of different crops. Kernel-based support vector machines, maximum likelihood and normalised difference ...vegetation index classification schemes are attempted to evaluate their performances towards crop classification. The linear imaging self-scanning (LISS-IV) multi-spectral sensor data was evaluated for the classification of crop types such as barley, wheat, lentil, mustard, pigeon pea, linseed, corn, pea, sugarcane and other crops and non-crop such as water, sand, built up, fallow land, sparse vegetation and dense vegetation. To determine the spectral separability among crop types, the M-statistic and Jeffries-Matusita (J-M) distance methods have been utilised. The results were statistically analysed and compared using Z-test and χ
2
-test. Statistical analysis showed that the accuracy results using SVMs with polynomial of degrees 5 and 6 were not significantly different and found better than the other classification algorithms.
We provide several methods to compare two Gaussian distributed means in the two sample location problems under the assumption of partially dependent observations. Simulation studies indicate that our ...test procedure is frequently more powerful than other methods depending on the ratio of the unpaired data and the strength and direction of the correlation between the two variables. The tests used in our comparative study are illustrated with an example based on data from a small gynecological study.
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