Provider: - Institution: - Data provided by Europeana Collections- Uvod: Udio starije populacije u svijetu ubrzano povećava, a povećava se i interes za oralno
zdravlje starijih osoba. Oralno zdravlje ...predstavlja važan dio općeg zdravlja, a uključuje
zdravlje cjelokupne usne šupljine odnosno zdravlje zuba, parodontnog tkiva, sluznice i
žlijezda slinovnica.
Cilj: Cilj istraživanja bio je utvrditi pojavnost bolesti oralne sluznice, analizirati i usporediti
stanje parodonta zuba i način provoñenja oralno higijenskih postupaka, utvrditi i usporediti
dentalni i protetski status, analizirati povezanost upotrebe stomatoloških materijala i pojave
oralnih promjena te utvrditi povezanost izmeñu pojave sustavnih bolesti i terapije lijekovima s
oralnim bolestima kod osoba u ustanovi za starije i nemoćne osobe i osoba koje žive
samostalno.
Ispitanici i postupci: U istraživanje su bilo uključeno 341 ispitanika, 280 osobe smještene u
ustanovi i 61 osoba koja živi samostalno. Postupak obrade svakog ispitanika sastojao se iz
uzimanja anamnestičkih podataka, kliničkog pregleda usne šupljine i dijagnostičkih
postupaka.
Rezultati: Kod osoba smještenih u ustanovi za starije i nemoćne zabilježen je značajno veći
broj oralnih sluzničnih promjena (p=0,016). Kod osoba smještenih u ustanovi za starije i
nemoćne zabilježen je značajno niži nivo lučenja sline (p=0,001) te je jače izražen osjećaj
suhoće usne šupljine (p=0,001) i promjena okusa (p=0,035). Pored toga, kod većeg broja
osoba iste skupine zabilježena je kolonizacija Candida species i oralna kandidijaza u
usporedbi s osobama koje žive samostalno (p<0,001). Značajna razlika zabilježena izmeñu
skupina u KEP indeksu (p<0,001). Takoñer je zabilježeno lošije parodontološko stanje
ispitanika u ustanovi (p<0,017). Kod manjeg broja osoba u ustanovi provedena je protetska
rehabilitacija (p=0,0009). Zaključci: osobe u ustanovi su značajno više zahvaćene oralnim sluzničnim bolestima,
oralnim subjektivnim smetnjama, imaju lošije parodontološko stanje te su slabije protetski
rehabilitirani nego osobe koje žive samostalno.- Introduction: There is a growing interest in the oral health of elderly people as the size of
this population is increasing around the world. Oral health is important part of general health
and includes teeth, periodontal health, oral mucosal health and prosthetic rehabilitation.
The aims of this study were to examine the prevalence of oral mucosal lesions and oral
sensorial complaints, as well as periodontal health and oral hygiene level between the
institutionalized and non-institutionalized elderly. Also, the aims were to determine dental
status, prosthetic status and influence of dental material to oral tissue between groups.
Material and methods: The study involved two groups of elderly subjects: the
institutionalized residing in a nursing home in Rijeka and the non-institutionalized elderly. A
total of 341 subjects were included, 280 institutionalized and 61 non- institutionalized. All
patients underwent an oral examination to detect underlying oral diseases related to oral
symptoms. The examination consisted of complete anamnesis and clinical status according to
registration form designed for this purpose.
Results: The prevalence of oral mucosal lesions was significantly higher in the
institutionalized elderly compared with the non-institutionalized elderly (p=0,016). Low
salivary flow was found to be more common in the institutionalized elderly than in the noninstitutionalized
elderly (p=0,001), as well as dry mouth (p=0,001) and taste disturbance
(p=0,035).Significantly higher level of oral colonization with Candida species and oral
candidiasis were found in the institutionalized elderly comparing to the non-institutionalized
elderly (p<0,001). A significant difference was observed between the groups in DMFT index
(p<0,001). Institutionalized elderly had worse periodontal health (p<0,017). Lower number of
prosthetic appliances was observed in the institutionalized elderly (p=0, 0009).
Conclusions: It can be concluded that the institutionalized elderly are significantly affected
with oral mucosal lesions and oral sensorial complaints. They also have worse periodontal health and lower number of prosthetic appliances compared with the non-institutionalized
elderly.- All metadata published by Europeana are available free of restriction under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
Provider: - Institution: - Data provided by Europeana Collections- Uvod
Prevalencija autoimunog tiroiditisa i celijakije je značajno češća u djece i adolescenata oboljelih od tip 1 šećerne bolesti ...nego u općoj populaciji. Celijakija je u dijabetičara često asimptomatska ili oligosimptomatska, a rizik za razvoj komplikacija je proporcionalan sa vremenom izloženošču glutenu, pa je neophodna rana dijagnoza celijakije. Autoimuni tiroiditis je čest uzrok stečenoj hipotireozi koja može utjecati na metaboličku kontrolu dijabetičara, te su rana dijagnoza i terapija od naročitog značaja. Do sada nema suglasja za probir na autoimuni tiroiditis i celijakiju u djece i adolescenata oboljelih od tip 1 šećerne bolesti.
Cilj istraživanja
Utvrditi pojavnost i tijek autoimunog tireoiditisa, poremećaja funkcije štitnjače i celijakije u djece i adolescenta oboljelih od tip 1 šećerne bolesti te čimbenike rizika za njihov razvoj. Također, analizirani su utjecaj autoimunog tiroiditisa i celijakije na rast, razvoj i metaboličku kontrolu dijabetičara.
Ispitanici i metode
Istraživanje je obuhvatilo 148 djece i adolescenata s tip 1 šećernom bolešću, 50,7% muških i 49,3 % ženskih (dob 1 - 21 g.) Od 1995. g., tijekom 12 godišnjeg razdoblja, jednom godišnje je učinjen probir na autoimuni tiroiditis mjerenjem koncentracije antitireoglobulinskih (anti-TG) i antitireoperoksidaznih antitijela (anti-TPO) i funkciju štitnjače mjerenjem tireotropnog hormona (TSH) i tiroksina (T4), te probir na celijakiju mjerenjem anti endomizijalnih (EMAT) i anttijela na tkivnu transglutaminazu (tTGA). Srednje vrijeme praćenja je bilo 7±4,1 g. Na tromjesećnim kontrolama pacijentima se mjerila visina, masa i indeks tjelesne mase (BMI), bilježila se inzulinska doza, broj teških hipoglikemija te se određivao glikolizirani hemoglobin (HbA1c). Rezultati
Prevalencija autoimunog tiroiditisa u djece i adolescenata oboljelih od tip 1 šećerne bolesti je 15,5% i češći je kod ženskih ispitanika, 21,9%:9,3% (p=0,03). Srednja dob javljanja autoimunog tiroiditisa je 11,5±5,2 g. Srednja dob intervala između negativnog i pozitivnog probira na autoimuni tiroiditis je 2,5±2,3 g. Nakon 6 g. trajanja dijabetesa kumulativna incidencija autoimunog tiroiditisa je značajno viša u djevojčica (30%:15%) (p= 0,0254). Prevalencija hipotireoze je 8,1% u svih pacijenata s tip 1 šećernom bolešću, nema značajne razlike među spolovima. Prevalencija hipotireoze je 52,2% u ispitanika sa pozitivnim antitireoidnim antitijelima. Niti jedan pacijent nije razvio hipotireozu ukoliko nije imao pozitivna antitireoidna antitijela. U bolesnika s pozitivnim antitireoidnim antitijelima hipotireoza je signifikantno viša u muških ispitanika; 85,7%:37,5% (p=0,0052). Kumulativna incidencija hipotireoze u oboljelih od tip 1 šećerne bolesti nakon 3 g. od pojave povišenih antitireoidnih antitijela je 55% u svih oboljelih i značajno je češća u dječaka 85%:40% (p=0,0052). Od početka tip 1 šećerne boolesti do razvoja hipotireoze srednje vrijeme je 3,3±2,5 g. Od pojave pozitivnih antitireoidnih antitijela do razvoja hipotireoze srednje vrijeme je 1,7±1,2 g. Srednja dob nastanka hipotireoze je 12,7±5,3 g. Visina, BMI, inzulinska doza, HbA1c i učestalost teških hipoglikemija nisu se značajno razlikovali između skupine s tip 1 šećernom bolešću bez i s autoimunim tiroiditisom. Usporedba učestalosti HLA antigena DR3/DR4 te DQ2/DQ3 između skupine s tip 1 šećernom bolešću bez autoimunog tiroiditisa i skupine s tip 1 šećernom bolešću i autoimunim tiroiditsom nije pokazala statistički značajne razlike (p= 0,9 i 0,8). Prevalencija celijakije u oboljelih od tip 1 šećerne bolesti je 8,1%, sa podjednakom zastupljenošću spolova. Srednja dob pojave celijakije je 9,5 g. (raspon 3,5 – 19 g.). Srednje trajanje tip 1 šećerne bolesti do razvoja celijakije je 2,9 g. (raspon 0-15 g.). Bolesnici s tip 1 šećernom bolešću i celijakijom oboljeli su od dijabetesa u znaćajno mlađoj dobi u odnosu na oboljele od dijabetesa bez celijakije, 6,8 ± 3,1:9,9 ± 3,1; p=0,013. Kumulativna incidencija celijakije doseže vrh nakon dvije godine trajanja dijabetesa i iznosi 10% , s podjednakom zastupljenošću oba spola. Visina, BMI, inzulinska doza, HbA1c i učestalost teških hipoglikemija nisu se značajno razlikovali između skupine s tip 1 šećernom bolešću bez i sa celijakijom. Usporedba učestalosti HLA antigena DR3/ DR4 te DQ2/DQ3 između skupine s tip 1 šećernom bolešću bez celijakije i s celijakijom nije pokazala statistički značajne razlike, p= 0,85 i 0,2.
Zaključak
Utvrđena je visoka pojavnost autoimunog tiroiditisa, poremećaja funkcije štitnjače i celijakije u djece i adolescenata s tip 1 šećernom bolešću. Najviše je novooboljelih pacijenata od autoimunog tiroiditisa u vrijeme puberteta. Autoimuni tiroiditis se značajno češće javlja u djevojčica u svakoj dobi. Među pacijentima s povišenim antitireodnim antitijelima, hipotireoza je signifikantno češća u dječaka. Kumulativna incidencija celijakije doseže vrh 2 godine od početka dijabetesa, sa podjednakom zastupljenošću spolova. Nema razlike u tjelesnom rastu i razvoju te kontroli glikemije u pacijenata sa i bez autoimunog tiroiditisa ili celijakije. Naši rezultati sugeriraju godišnji probir u sve djece i adolescenata s tip 1 šećernom bolešću na antitireoidna antitijela, naročito anti-TPO, a ispitivanje TSH u onih sa povišenim antitroidnim antitijelima. Također preporučamo godišnji probir na celijakiju, naroćito u prve dvije godine nakon pojave tip 1 šećerne bolesti.- Introduction
The prevalence of autoimmune thyroiditis and celiac disease in children and adolescents with diabetes mellitus type 1 is significantly higher than in general population. Celiac disease in diabetic patients is often asymptomatic or olygosymtomatic and the risik of developing complications is proportional to the time of exposure to gluten. Therefore, early diagnosis is essential for the prevention of complications. Autoimmune thyroiditis is a frequent cause of acquired hypothyroidism interfering with metabolic control of diabetes and early diagnosis and treatment is particularly important. However, studies assessing the risk of autoimmune thyroiditis and celiac disease are lacking and there is no consensus on screening for autoimmune thyroiditis and celiac disease.
Aim
To evaluate the frequency, natural course and potential risk factors of autoimmune thyroiditis, thyroid dysfunction and celiac disease , and their influences on growth and glycemic control in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus.
Patients and methods
The study comprised 148 subjects (age range 1-21 years; males 51%) with type 1 diabetes. During the interval of 12 years serum levels of thyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO) and thyroglobulin (anti-TG) autoantibodies, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) tyroksine (T4), anti-endomysium antibody (EMAT) and autoantibodies to tissue transglutaminase (tTGA) were screened annually. Height, weight, body mass index (BMI), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), insulin dose and the number of severe hypoglycemic episodes, were recorded every 3 months.The mean follow-up was 7±4.1 years. Results
Prevalence of autoimmune thyroiditis in subjects with type 1 diabetes was 15.5%. It was significantly higher in girls, 21.9% vs. 9.3% in boys; p=0.03. The mean age of autoimmune thyroiditis onset was 11.5±5.2 years. The mean interval between negative and positive screening was 2.5±2.3 years. Cumulative incidence of autoimmune thyroiditis after 6 years of type 1 diabetes duration was significantly higher in girls, 30% vs. 15% in boys; p=0.03. Prevalence of hypothyroidism was 8.1% with no significant differences in sex distribution. Prevalence of hypothyroidism among subjects with elevated serum thyroid antibodies was 52.2% with significant male preponderance (85.7%vs.37.5%; p=0.005). There were no subjects who developed hypothyroidism in absence of thyroid antibodies. Cumulative incidence of hypothyroidism after 3 years from the moment of thyroid antibodies appearance was 55% with significant male preponderance (85%vs.40%; p=0.005). The mean interval between diabetes onset and hypothyroidism development was 3.3±2.5 years, and between thyroid antibodies appearance and hypothyreoidism development was 1.7±1.2 years. The mean age at hypothyroidism onset was 12.7±5.3 years. There were no differences in growth and metabolic control between patients with and without autoimmune thyroiditis. There were no differences in frequency of HLA haplotyps DR3/DR4 and DQ2/DQ8 between patients with and without autoimmune thyroiditis. Prevalence of celiac disease was 8,1 %, without difference between boys and girls (58%vs.42%). The mean age at celiac disease onset was 9,5 years (range 3,5-19 y.) The mean interval between negative and positive screening was 2,9 years (range 0-15 y.). The onset of diabetes occured significantly earlier in patients who additionaly had celiac disease (6,8 ± 3,1:9,9 ± 3,1; p=0,013). Cumulative incidence of celiac disease after 2 years was 10%, without sex preponderance. There were no differences in growth and metabolic control between patients with and without celiac disease. There were no differences in frequency of HLA haplotyps DR3/DR4 and DQ2/DQ8 between patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus with and without celiac disease.
Conclusion
The results of the present study confirmed frequent occurrence of autoimmune thyroiditis, thyroid dysfunction and celiac disease in subjects with type 1 diabetes. The number of newly diagnosed subjects with autoimmune thyroiditis reached the peak at the age of puberty. Girls were significantly more predisposed to autoimmune thyroiditis at any age while amongst subjects with elevated thyroid antibodies boys developed hypothyroidism more frequently. Cumulative incidence of celiac disease after 2 years was 10%, without sex preponderance. Annual screening of thyroid antibodies in all patients with type 1 diabetes is recommended, while serum TSH level should be measured in patients with detected thyroid ant
Provider: - Institution: - Data provided by Europeana Collections- Cilj istraživanja: Prvenstveni cilj ovoga rada bila je karakterizacija konstitutivne internalizacije konformiranih i nekonformiranih ...MHC molekula I razreda, odnosno karakterizacija njihove endocitoze, recikliranja i degradacije. Poznato je da razlika u konformaciji MHC-I molekula uzrokuje njihovo razdvajanje u sekretornom putu. Stoga su u ovom radu istražena načela njihova razdvajanja tijekom endocitoze i putovanja kroz endosomalne odjeljke. Na temelju eksperimentalnih mjerenja cilj nam je bio i uspostavljanje matematičkog modela za kinetičku analizu endosomalnih putova.
Materijal i metode: Istraživanja smo proveli na mišjim fibroblastima J26 transficiranim s genom koji kodira molekule HLA-B7 (J26-B7), HLA-Cw6 (J26-Cw6) ili HLA-G1 (J26-G1), na humanoj tumorskoj staničnoj liniji HeLa koja konstitutivno izražava sve klasične HLA molekule I razreda, Balb 3T3 mišjim fibroblastima, te L-Ld stanicama (mišji fibroblasti transficirani genom za molekule H2-Ld). Za praćenje MHC molekula I razreda koristili smo monoklonska protutijela (mPt): mPt W6/32, koje prepoznaje sve klasične konformirane HLA molekule i konformirane HLA-G1 molekule, mPt HC-10, koje prepoznaje sve klasične nekonformirane HLA molekule, mPt MEM-G/1 koje prepoznaje nekonformirane molekule HLA-G1, mPt 30-5-7 koje prepoznaje konformirane H2-Ld molekule, te mPt 64-3-7 koje prepoznaje nekonformirane H2-Ld molekule. Transferinski receptor (TfR) smo pratili pomoću mPt R17, a molekule GM1 pomoću obilježene podjedinice B kolera toksina. Neionski detergent Triton X-100 nam je poslužio za ispitivanje nazočnosti molekula u lipidnim splavima. Oponašanjem uvjeta endosomalnog pH izvan stanice, utvrdili smo promjenu konformacije MHC molekula I razreda u zadanim uvjetima. Kako bismo utvrdili koji putovi su uključeni u endocitozu, endosomalno putovanje, recikliranje i degradaciju ovih molekula, koristili smo različite kemijske inhibitore. Kinetiku internalizacije pratili smo protočnom citometrijom, a unutarstanično putovanje konfokalnom mikroskopijom koristeći princip površinskog vezivanja odgovarajućeg monoklonskog protutijela i njegovog praćenja nakon određene kinetike internalizacije. Internalizirane molekule kolokalizirali smo međusobno, te s određenim endosomalnim markerima. Recikliranje molekula pratili smo modificirajući tri različita protokola iz literature i to protočnom citometrijom i konfokalnom mikroskopijom. U cilju praćenja kinetike degradacije koristili smo metodu površinske biotinilacije, te imunoprecipitacije, elektroforeze na poliakrilamidnim gelovima (SDS-PAGE), Western-blota i kemiluminiscencije. Za matematičko modeliranje i simulacije endocitoznih procesa koristili smo programski paket Mathematica (Wolfram Research Europe Ltd.). Rezultati: Konformirane MHC-I molekule dobro su izražene na staničnoj površini za razliku od nekonformiranih molekula. Djelovanjem kiselog pH (fiziološke i nefiziološke vrijednosti) izražaj konformiranih MHC-I molekula pada, dok izražaj nekonformiranih raste. Različite konformacije MHC-I molekula u ustaljenom stanju samo djelomično se kolokaliziraju unutar stanice i to prvenstveno u ranim endosomalnim odjeljcima. Niti jedan od ispitivanih kemijskih inhibitora (klorpromazin, Dynasore, filipin i AlF4-) nije blokirao internalizaciju MHC-I molekula. Nekonformirane MHC-I molekule se znatno brže internaliziraju i degradiraju od konformiranih MHC-I molekula što je najvjerojatnije posljedica činjenice da se konformirane MHC-I molekule usmjeravaju u reciklirajuće odjeljke, a nekonformirane MHC-I molekule u degradacijski put. Tome u prilog govori rezultat da se konformirane MHC-I molekule nakon internalizacije nalaze prvenstveno u jukstanuklearnom području zajedno s Tf/TfR i Rab11 GTPazom, dobro poznatim biljezima jukstanuklearnih reciklirajućih endosoma. Internalizirane konformirane MHC-I recikliraju s učinkovitošću od oko 30%, znatno manje od TfR/Tf koji recikliraju s učinkovitošću od 85-99%, što ukazuje da konformirane MHC-I molekule ulaze u zasebne reciklirajuće odjeljke. Ubrzo nakon internalizacije konformirane i nekonformirane MHC-I se kolokaliziraju s biljegom ranih endosoma (EEA-1), kao i međusobno, ali nedugo zatim stupanj kolokalizacije se smanjuje što znači da se razmjerno brzo razdvajaju. To razdvajanje blokira LY294002 (blokator PI3K), kao i konkanamicin A (blokator endosomalne H+ crpke). Djelovanjem Tx-ispiru se konformirane MHC-I molekula i TfR sa staničnih membrana, dok se nekonformirane MHC-I molekule i GM1 ne ispiru. Matematičkim modeliranjem potvrđeni su eksperimentalni rezultati, te izračunati slijedeći parametri: stopa endocitoze, stopa recikliranja i stopa degradacije.
Zaključak: Konformirane MHC-I molekule kao i TfR nalaze se u detergent-osjetljivim membranskim mikrodomenama za razliku od nekonformiranih MHC-I molekula i GM1, kako na staničnoj površini tako i u unutrašnjosti stanice. Internalizacija MHC-I molekula nije ovisna o klatrinu i dinaminu, već najvjerojatnije o funkciji malih GTPaza (Cdc42 i Arf6). Sortiranje, odnosno odvajanje endosomalnih putova konformiranih i nekonformiranih MHC-I molekula odvija se na razini ranih endosoma i ovisno je o pH. Nakon sortiranja konformirane MHC-I molekule se prvenstveno usmjeravaju u recikliranje, a nekonformirane u degradaciju.- Objectives: The aim of this study was to characterize constitutive internalization of conformed and non-conformed MHC class I molecules, with respect to their endocytosis, recycling and degradation. Conformational difference is known to segregate MHC-I molecules in secretory pathway. Therefore, we investigated endocytic pathway and putative segregation principles of these molecules during endocytic trafficking. Additionally, based on experimental measurements our goal was to establish a mathematical model for kinetics analysis of endosomal transport.
Material and methods: Experiments were performed on murine fibroblasts J26 transfected with HLA-B7 (J26-B7), HLA-Cw6 (J26-Cw6) or HLA-G1 molecules (J26-G1), on human HeLa cell line that constitutively expresses all classical HLA class I molecules, Balb 3T3 murine fibroblasts, and murine L cells stably transfected with Ld molecules (L-Ld). In order to follow MHC class I molecules, we used the following monoclonal antibodies (mAb): mAb W6/32 for all classical conformed HLA-I molecules and for conformed HLA-G1 molecules, mAb HC-10 for all classical non-conformed HLA-I molecules, mAb MEM-G/1 for non-conformed HLA-G1 molecules, mAb 30-5-7 for conformed H2-Ld molecules, and mAb 64-3-7 for non-conformed H2-Ld molecules. Transferrin receptor (TfR) was followed by mAb R17, and GM1 molecules with labeled cholera toxin B subunits. Non-ionic detergent Triton X-100 was used for testing the presence of molecules in lipid rafts. Conditions of endosomal pH were simulated outside the cell and the conformation changes of MHC-I molecules were under given conditions. In order to determine which pathways are involved in endocytosis, endosomal trafficking, recycling and degradation of these molecules, we used different chemical inhibitors. The kinetics of surface molecules was followed by flow citometry and their intracellular trafficking by confocal microscopy after binding of appropriate mAbs. Internalized molecules were colocalized with each other as well as with specific endosomal markers. After rearranging three different protocols from the literature we followed molecules recycling by flow citometry and confocal microscopy. In order to monitor the kinetics of degradation, we used the method of surface biotinilation and imunoprecipitation, electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels (SDS-PAGE), Western-blot and chemiluminiscence. For mathematical modeling and simulation of endocytic processes we used a software package Mathematica (Wolfram Research Europe Ltd.). Results: Conformed MHC-I molecules are well expressed on the cell surface, unlike non-conformed molecules. Expression of conformed MHC-I molecules decreases due to treatment with acid pH (physiological and non- physiological values), while expression of non-conformed MHC-I molecules increases. Different conformations of MHC-I molecules in steady state conditions are only partially colocalized intracellular, primarily in the early endosomal compartments. Neither of the tested chemical inhibitors (chlorpromazine, Dynasore, filipin and AlF4-) did not block internalization of MHC-I molecules. Kinetics of internalization, as well as degradation of non-conformed MHC-I molecules are significantly faster than kinetics of conformed MHC-I molecules, due to fact that conformed MHC-I molecules recycle, unlike non-conformed molecules. These thesis are supported also by the finding that conformed MHC-I molecules after internalization are directed primarily in juxtanuclear region where they colocalize with Tf/TfR, and with Rab11. Internalized conformed MHC-I molecules recycle with 30% efficiency, while TfR/Tf recycling efficiency is 85-99%. Shortly after internalization conformed and non-conformed MHC-I molecules colocalize with early endosomal marker EEA-1, as well as to each other, but soon thereafter the level of colocalization decreases. This separation is blocked due to the influence of LY294002 (inhibitor of PI3K) or concanamycin A (inhibitor of endosomal H+ pump). Treatment with Tx-100 removes conformed MHC-I molecules and TfR from the cell membranes, while non-conformed MHC-I molecules and GM1 are resistant to the Tx-100 treatment. Experimental results are confirmed by mathematical modeling, by which the following parameters are also calculated: the rate of endocytosis, the rate of recycling and the rate of degradation.
Conclusion: Conformed MHC-I molecules, as well as transferrin receptor are localized in detergent-sensitive membrane micro domains, while non-conformed MHC-I molecules and GM1 are localized in detergent-resistant membrane micro domains, not only on the cell surface, but also intracellu
Provider: - Institution: - Data provided by Europeana Collections- Cilj istraživanja: Infekcije su vodeći uzrok pobola i smrtnosti bolesnika s teškom ozljedom mozga. Do danas još uvijek nije u ...potpunosti razjašnjen mehanizam odgovoran za povećanu sklonost infekcijama u ovih bolesnika. Cilj ovog istraživanja je bio utvrditi najčešće infekcije i njihove uzročnike u bolesnika s teškom ozljedom mozga, ispitati promjene stanične imunosti, poglavito udjela leukocitnih subpopulacija, izražavanje citotoksičnog posrednika perforina, aktivnost stanica NK i izražaj pojedinih citokina u različitim imunokompetentnim stanicama periferne krvi bolesnika s teškom ozljedom mozga u ranom razdoblju nakon ozljede.
Ispitanici, materijal i metode: U istraživanje je bilo uključeno 40 bolesnika s teškom ozljedom mozga u dobi od 18. do 75. godine života. Zdravi i dobrovoljni davaoci krvi su bili kontrolna skupina. Demografski, klinički i laboratorijski podatci sakupljani su i analizirani su za svakog bolesnika. Svakom bolesniku s teškom ozljedom mozga 1., 4., 7. i 10. dana nakon ozljede uzimali smo uzorak trahealnog aspirata, krvi i mokraće te slali na mikrobiološku analizu. Prvog, 4. i 7. dana nakon ozljede svakom bolesniku uzimali smo 20 ml heparinizirane venske krvi za imunološka istraživanja. Mononuklearne stanice periferne krvi izdvojili smo centrifugiranjem na gradijentu gustoće, te višestrukim obilježavanjem površinskih biljega metodom izravne imunofluorescencije analizirali njihov fenotip i stupanj aktivacije protočnom citometrijom. Izdvojene mononuklearne stanice obilježavali smo istovremeno protutijelima na površinske biljege kako bi utvrdili njihovu pripadnost pojedinim leukocitnim populacijama, permeabilizirali njihovu membranu te metodom izravne i neizravne imunofluorescencije unutarstanično obilježavali perforin, interleukin (IL)-4, IL-15, IFNγ (interferon gama), TNFα (engl. tumor necrosis factor alpha, čimbenik tumorske nekroze alfa) korištenjem odgovarajućih monoklonskih protutijela, te smo stanice analizirali na protočnom citometru. Uzorci koji su bili predviđeni za unutarstanično obilježavanje citokina prethodno smo stimulirali s PMA (engl. phorbol myristate acetat), ionomicinom i monenzinom radi prikazivanja citokina u stanici. Imunocitokemiju smo koristili za prikazivanje molekule perforina i citokina IL-15 u preparatima svježe izdvojenih mononuklearnih stanica periferne krvi. Metodom pozitivne i negativne magnetske separacije iz mononuklearnih stanica periferne krvi izdvojili smo stanice NK i određivali njihovu citotoksičnu aktivnost prema K-562 NK osjetljivoj staničnoj liniji korištenjem PKH-26 (red) dvosatnog testa citotoksičnosti uz očitavanje protočnim citometrom.
Rezultati: U 55% bolesnika s teškom ozljedom mozga došlo je do razvoja infekcije (pneumonije, sepse i infekcije mokraćnih putova) s najvećom učestalosti pojave 4. dana nakon ozljede. Najčešći uzročnici pneumonije bili su Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa i Escherichia colli. Sepsa je bila najčešće uzrokovana bakterijom Straphylococcus aureus, dok su najčešći uzročnici infekcije mokraćnih putova bili bakterije Enterococcus faecalis i Escherichia colli, te gljivca Candida albicans. Četvtog dana nakon ozljede u perifernoj krvi bolesnika s teškom ozljedom mozga zabilježili smo statistički značajano smanjenje postotka limfocita T, osobito CD3+CD8+CD56- subpopulacije, smanjenje udjela stanica NK-T, stanica NK i njihovih CD3-CD56+dim i CD3-CD56+bright subpopulacija. Postotak limfocita B nije se značajno mijenjao u perifernoj krvi bolesnika s teškom ozljedom mozga, dok je udio monocita značajno porastao 1. dana nakon ozljede u odnosu na kontrolnu skupinu i smanjio se 7. dana. Inficirani bolesnici s teškom ozljedom mozga imali su statistički značajno smanjenje udjela limfocita T i stanica NK 4. dana nakon ozljede u odnosu na 1. dan i kontrolnu skupinu. U bolesnika s teškom ozljedom mozga zabilježili smo vrlo niski udio proupalnih citokina (IFNγ, TNFα, IL-15) i prevlast IL-4 nad IFNγ u svim leukocitnim subpopulacijama. Stimulacija monocita periferne krvi bolesnika s teškom ozljedom mozga s različitim koncentracijama lipopolisaharida (LPS) potiče stvaranje IFNγ 1. i 7. dana nakon ozljede kao i u kontrolnoj skupini, ali nema učinka 4. dana nakon ozljede. Statistički značajno smanjenje postotka perforin pozitivnih limfocita, uključujući limfocite T, stanice NK i stanice NK-T, zabilježeno je u perifernoj krvi bolesnika s teškom ozljedom mozga 4. dana nakon ozljede. Sedmog dana nakon ozljede povećao se udio perforin pozitivnih limfocita s citotoksičnim fenotipom (CD3+CD8+CD56- limfociti T, stanice NK i stanice NK-T) u odnosu na 1. dan. Izdvojene stanice NK iz periferne krvi bolesnika s teškom ozljedom mozga imaju statistički značajno manju citotoksičnost prema NK osjetljivoj staničnoj liniji K-562 4. i 7. dana nakon ozljede u odnosu na 1. dan i kontrolnu skupinu. Četvrtog dana nakon ozljede u bolesnika s teškom ozljedom mozga nađena je pozitivna korelacija između GCS, kao pokazatelja težine ozljede mozga, te postotka limfocita T i stanica NK, kao i između GCS i postotka perforin pozitivnih stanica, uključujući CD3+ perforin+ i CD56+ perforin+ stanice. Zaključak: Visoka učestalost infekcija u bolesnika s teškom ozljedom mozga u ranom razdoblju nakon ozljede mogla bi se objasniti smanjenjem postotka stanica s citotoksičnim fenotipom, smanjenim udjelom perforina u limfocitnih subpopulacijama i njihove citotoksične aktivnosti, te stvaranja proupalnih citokina.- Objectives: Infections are leading causes of increased morbidity and mortality of severe brain injured patients. The mechanism underlying the susceptibility to the infections is still unexplained. The purpose of the study was to identify the most common infection and their infection agents in severe brain injured patients, and to analyze the changes in cell-mediated immunity, especially the frequency of leukocytes subpopulations, expression of cytotoxic mediator perforin, activity of NK cells and expression of cytokines in different immune cells in peripheral blood of severe brain injured patients.
Patients, material and methods: Forty severe brain injured patients between age of 18 and 75 years we included in the study. Healthy volunteers served as controls. Demographic, clinical and laboratory data were collected and analyzed for each patient. The sample of endothacheal aspirate, blood and urine were taken for each severe brain injured patient and sent for further microbiologic analysis on day 1, 4, 7 and 10 after the injury. The sample of 20 ml of heparinised peripheral blood was taken form each severe brain injured patient on day 1, 4 and 7 after the injury and used for further immunological investigations. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were obtained after gradient centrifugation and their phenotype and activation levels were analyzed by simultaneous multiple staining of surface antigens using direct immunoflourescency and flow cytometry analyzes. Isolated mononuclear cells were stained simultaneously by monoclonal antibody against surface antigens, specific for different leukocyte populations, and were further permeabilised for intracellular staining of perforin, interleukin (IL)-4, IL-15, IFNγ (interferon gamma), TNFα (tumor necrosis factor alpha). The labelled cells were analysed by flow cytometry. Cell samples that were scheduled for intracellular cytokine staining, were previously stimulated with PMA, ionomycine and monensim which are necessary for cytokine visualisation. Immunocytochemitstry was used for visualisation of perforin molecule and IL-15 cytokine in the samples of freshly isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. CD56+ NK cells were isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells by positive and negative magnetic cell separation method. The cytotoxic activity of separated CD56+ NK cells against NK sensitive cell K-562 cell line was analysed by PKH-26 (red) cell linker kit and flow cytometry. Results: Infection (pneumonia, sepsis, uroinfection) occurred in 55% of severe brain injured patients with the highest incidence on day 4 after the injury. The most common infection agents of pneumonia were Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia colli. Sepsis was caused by bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, while uroinfection was caused by bacteria Enterococcus faecalis and Escherichia colli, and fungus Candida albicans. On day 4 after the injury statistically significant decrease of peripheral blood lymphocyte T, their CD3+CD8+CD56- subpopulation, as well as percentage of NK-T cell, NK cells including their CD3-CD56+dim and CD3-CD56+bright subpopulation in peripheral blood of severe brain injured patients was observed. The frequency of B lymphocytes in peripheral blood of severe brain injured patients did not change basically during the investigated period, while the frequency of monocytes increased on day 1 in comparison to healthy controls and decreased on day 7. Infected patients with severe brain injury had statistically significant decrease of T lymphocytes and NK cell on day 4 after the injury. Low frequency of proinflammatry cytokines (IFNγ, TNFα, IL-15), as well as domination of IL-4 over IFNγ were observed in all leukocytes populations in severe brain injured patients. LPS stimulate IFNγ production by monocytes in peripheral blood of healthy controls and severe bran injured patients on day 1 and 7, but not on day 4 after the injury. Statistically significant decrease of perforin-positive lymphocytes including T, natural killer (NK) and NKT cells was observed in peripheral blood of severe brain injured patients on day 4 after the injury. On day 7, perforin expression was restored in lymphocyte of cytotoxic phenotype (CD8+ T lymphocytes, NK cells, and NKT cells) compared with day 1. Isolated CD56+ NK cells for peripheral blood of severe brain injured patients showed statistically significant lower cytotoxic activity against NK sensitive cells line K-562 on
Provider: - Institution: - Data provided by Europeana Collections- Ob 1000-letnici omembe Goriške je izšla knjiga protomedika Antona Muznika Goriško podnebje. Vsebuje faksimile latinskega originala ...in slovenski prevod.- All metadata published by Europeana are available free of restriction under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
Provider: - Institution: - Data provided by Europeana Collections- Knjiga Goriško podnebje vsebuje faksimile latinskega originala in slovenski prevod.- All metadata published by Europeana are ...available free of restriction under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
Provider: - Institution: - Data provided by Europeana Collections- Cilj istraživanja: Prekomjerna ekspresija proteina iz obitelji epidermalnog faktora rasta (EGFR obitelj) i ciklina D1 čest je nalaz ...u raku dojke. Međutim, u literaturi nedostaje radova koji sustavno ispituju ekspresiju i amplifikaciju HER-2, EGFR i ciklina D1 kod raka dojke, te njihov utjecaj na preživljenje i prognozu u istoj grupi pacijenata, pa su stoga i rezultati studija nerijetko oprečni. Također sve je više dokaza koji upućuju na postojanje direktnog puta EGFR signaliziranja u kojem aktivirani EGFR bude internaliziran i prebačen unutar jezgre gdje potom sudjeluje u procesu regulacije genske ekspresije. Stoga je cilj ovog istraživanja ispitati proteinsku ekspresiju i gensku amplifikaciju HER-2, membranskog EGFR (mEGFR), nuklearnog EGFR (nEGFR), ciklina D1 i status 17. kromosoma u invazivnom duktalnom raku dojke te podatke korelirati sa patohistološkim parametrima, menopauzalnim statusom i preživljenjem pacijentica.
Materijali i metode: Od ukupno 118 uzoraka invazivnog raka dojke izrađeni su tkivni mikroareji (TMA, tissue microarray) te se potom pristupilo imunohistokemijskom bojanju tkiva na HER-2, mEGFR, nEGFR i ciklin D1. Evaluacija statusa gena HER-2, EGFR, CCND1 i polisomije 17. kromosoma rađena je FISH metodom koristeći Vysis probe (Downers Grove, IL, SAD).
Rezultati: HER-2 prekomjerna proteinska ekspresija nađena je u 23.27% tumora, amplifikacija HER-2 gena u 18.10% slučajeva, dok je 20.68% uzoraka imalo polisomiju 17. kromosoma. Prekomjerna mEGFR ekspresija i amplifikacija EGFR gena zabilježene su u svega 1.8% tumora. nEGFR ekspresija utvrđena je u 40.69% slučajeva od čega je 11.5% uzoraka imalo snažno izraženu nuklearnu ekspresiju EGFR (nEGFR +++). Ciklin D1 je prekomjerno eksprimiran u 63.71% slučajeva dok je CCND1 gen amplificiran u 13.4% slučajeva. Pronađene su statistički značajne korelacije između imunohistokemije i FISH analize za HER-2, EGFR i ciklin D1. Univarijantna analiza je pokazala da HER-2 genska amplifikacija pokazuje granično statistički značajnu povezanost s kraćim preživljenjem u ukupnoj skupini pacijentica (p=0.052), a statistički značajnu korelaciju u premenopauzalnoj skupini (p=0.0324). Povišena ekspresija ciklina D1 povezana je s trendom boljeg preživljenja u sveukupnom broju uzoraka, postmenopauzalnoj i premenopauzalnoj skupini s tim da posljednja skupina pokazuje statistički značajnu korelaciju s boljim preživljenjem (p=0.0027). nEGFR ekspresija je statistički značajno udružena s lošijim preživljenjem u skupini žena u premenopauzi (p=4.43 x10-6) i u cijeloj grupi ispitivanih pacijentica (p=0.0002). Također je utvrđeno da pacijentice sa snažnom/umjerenom ekspresijom ciklina D1 i nEGFR imaju lošije preživljenje u odnosu na pacijentice koje imaju snažnu/umjerenu ekspresiju ciklina D1 i negativnu/slabu ekspresiju nEGFR (p=0.00078). Multivarijantna analiza je pokazala da je nEGFR neovisan prognostički faktor i pacijenti sa snažnom nEGFR ekspresijom imaju 3.4 puta veći rizik od smrti u odnosu na nEGFR negativne pacijente.
Zaključak: Univarijantna analiza je pokazala da pacijentice sa snažnom nEGFR ekspresijom imaju statistički značajno lošije preživljenje, dok je multivarijantna analiza pokazala da nEGFR ima neovisni prognostički značaj. Dobiveni rezultati sugeriraju da nEGFR putem ciklina D1 potiče proliferaciju tumorskih stanica i agresivinije ponašanje te posljedično tome lošije preživljenje pacijentica. Ukoliko povećana ekspresija ciklina D1 nije združena s nEGFR snažnom ekspresijom onda takvi tumori imaju manje agresivan tijek, a pacijentice bolje preživljenje.- Objectives: Members of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family and cyclin D1 are frequently overexpressed in breast cancer. However, studies that systematically examine protein expression and gene amplification of HER-2, EGFR and cyclin D1 in breast cancer and correlate it with overall survival in the same group of patients are missing; hence results of the different studies are frequently opposite. Emerging evidences suggest the existence of a new mode of EGFR signaling pathway in which activated EGFR undergoes nuclear translocalization and subsequently regulates gene expression and potentially mediates other cellular processes. Therefore the aim of this study is to examine protein expression and gene amplification of HER-2, membrane EGFR (mEGFR), nuclear EGFR (nEGFR), cyclin D1 and chromosome 17 status in invasive ductal breast carcinoma and correlate findings with pathohistological parameters, menopausal status and overall survival.
Material and Methods: Tissue microarrays (TMA) were built from the 118 archival, formalin fixed paraffin embedded invasive ductal carcinoma. Immunohistochemistry was performed for HER-2, mEGFR, nEGFR and cyclin D1 according to manufactures instructions. Gene evaluation of HER-2, EGFR, cyclin D1 and chromosome 17 status were performed by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) using Abbott, Vysis probes (Downers Grove, IL, USA).
Results: HER-2 overexpression was found in 23.27% tumors, corresponding gene amplification was detected in 18.10% samples while 20.68% cases had chromosome 17 polisomy. mEGFR protein overexpression and EGFR gene amplification were found in 1.8% of tumors. nEGFR expression was detected in 40.69% tumors with 11.50% having high nEGFR staining (nEGFR +++). Strong cyclin D1 expression and CCND1 amplification were found in 63.71% and 13.4% of the cases, respectively. Statistically significant correlation was found between immunohistochemistry and FISH analysis for HER-2, EGFR and cyclin D1. Univariate analysis for HER-2 gene amplification showed borderline statistical significance with shorter overall survival (OS) in whole cohort of patients (p=0.052) and statistically significant correlation with shorter OS in premenopausal group of patients (p= 0.0324). Strong cyclin D1 expression significantly correlated with better OS in pre-menopausal group of women (p= 0.0027) but there was no significant correlation in post-menopausal group or whole patient’s cohort although trend toward better survival has been noticed. Importantly, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and log-rank test revealed a significant inverse correlation between high nEGFR and OS in whole cohort (p= 0.0002) as well in premenopausal group of patients (p= 4.43 x 10-6). Also, tumors with moderate/strong expression of cyclin D1 and nEGFR had significantly shorter cumulative survival comparing to tumors with moderate/strong cyclin D1 expression and negative/low nEGFR (p=0.00078). Multivariate analysis revealed nEGFR to be independent prognostic factors for OS and showed 3.4 times greater mortality risk for nEGFR+++ patients comparing to nEGFR negative patients (hazard ratio = 3.402; p=0.0026).
Conclusion: Univariate analysis showed that patients with high nEGFR staining have statistically significant worse OS while multivariate analysis revealed that nEGFR represents independent prognostic factor. Also, our data indicate that in context of high nEGFR staining, increased expression of cyclin D1, actually contributes to the poor survival rate in invasive ductal breast cancer, but when expressed alone strong cyclin D1 expression represents a good prognostic marker. Our findings together with earlier reports suggest that nEGFR may play potential important role in the aggressive biology of breast cancer and subsequently can lead to worse clinical outcomes.- All metadata published by Europeana are available free of restriction under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
Provider: - Institution: - Data provided by Europeana Collections- Cilj: Kliničko i imunološko praćenje bolesnika s presađenim bubregom u KBC-u Rijeka te procjena imunosne reaktivnosti primatelja ...bubrežnog presatka, koji primaju anti-CD25 monoklonsko protutijelo daklizumab u sklopu standardnog imunosupresivnog protokola.
Bolesnici i metode: Retrospektivna analiza obuhvaća kliničke podatke o 588 bolesnika, kojima je presađen bubreg u KBC-u Rijeka u proteklom gotovo 25-godišnjem razdoblju. Prospektivno randomizirano istraživanje obuhvaća primatelje bubrežnog presatka od 2006. do 2008. g. Iz ispitivanja su isključeni bolesnici s pozitivnim biljezima na hepatitis B ili C. Imunosna reaktivnost bolesnika određivana je analizom staničnog ciklusa limfocita periferne krvi, metodom protočne citometrije. Kontrolne skupine činili su zdravi darivatelji krvi i bolesnici na liječenju redovitom dijalizom.
Rezultati: Kumulativno preživljavanje bolesnika i bubrežnih presadaka od 2001. do 2007. g. postalo je značajno bolje u odnosu na primatelje u razdoblju od 1985. do 1995. g. Tijekom 25-godišnjeg razdoblja, najčešći uzroci smrti bili su srčanožilne bolesti, infekcije i zloćudni tumori. Među zloćudnim tumorima najčešće se javljao karcinom kože, a potom karcinom bubrega i uretera. U bolesnika s endemskom nefropatijom nađena je visoka učestalost karcinoma prijelaznog epitela s lošom prognozom. Tijekom razdoblja praćenja zabilježen je porast prosječne starosne dobi bolesnika, značajan porast udjela muških primatelja bubrežnog presatka te značajno smanjenje učestalosti kroničnog glomerulonefritisa kao uzroka završnog bubrežnog zatajenja. Bolje preživljavanje presatka uočeno je u primatelja koji su bolovali od policistične bolesti bubrega, dok je značajno lošije bilo u slučaju primatelja ili darivatelja starijih od 50 g., te u muških primatelja nakon presađivanja bubrega od ženskih darivatelja. U prospektivnom dijelu ispitivanja, analizom staničnog ciklusa, uočeno je da tijekom prvih šest tjedana nakon presađivanja bubrega dolazi do postupnog pada proliferativnog odgovora limfocita T u odnosu na kontrolne skupine. Daklizumab je, ovisno o dozi, blokirao anti-CD3 potaknutu proliferaciju limfocita T te je doveo do naglog pada zastupljenosti IL-2 receptora na njihovoj membrani, dok je izražaj IL-2 receptora na stanicama NK varirao na niskoj razini. Uočen je i pad zastupljenosti ukupnih limfocita T, pomoćničkih i citotoksičnih stanica te limfocita B. U kasnijoj fazi, od 2.-6. tj. nakon presađivanja, zastupljenost ovih stanica se normalizirala. NK stanice su neposredno nakon presađivanja pokazale porast postotnog udjela, koji se u kasnijoj fazi ponovno normalizirao.
Zaključak: Ovi rezultati predstavljaju značajan doprinos kliničkom praćenju bolesnika s bubrežnim presatkom i optimizaciji imunosupresivnog liječenja, s ciljem da se smanje neželjeni učinci prekomjerne imunosupresije i da se poboljša preživljavanje bolesnika i presatka.- Aim: Clinical and immunological follow-up of renal allograft recipients in UHC Rijeka and estimation of the immune reactivity of patients receiving the anti-CD25 monoclonal antibody daclizumab, in combination with the standard immunosuppressive protocol.
Patients and methods: Retrospectively, clinical data on 588 patients who received a renal allograft in UHC Rijeka over an almost 25 year period, were analyzed. The prospective randomized trial included recipients of renal allografts from 2006 until 2008. Excluded were patients with positive hepatitis B or C markers. The patients' immune reactivity was determined by analyzing the cell cycle of peripheral blood lymphocytes with flow-cytometry. Control groups were healthy blood donors and patients undergoing regular dialysis treatment.
Results: Cummulative patient and graft survival of transplants performed during the period from 2001 until 2007 became significantly better than for kidney recipients in the period from 1985 until 1995. Over the 25 year period, most common causes of death were cardiovascular disease, infections and malignant tumors. The most common malignant tumor was skin cancer, followed by kidney and uretheral cancer. In patients with endemic nephropathy, a high incidence of urothelial cancer was observerd with a poor prognosis. During the follow-up period an increase in the patients' age average, a significant increase in the proportion of male renal allograft recipients and a significant decrease in the incidence of chronic glomerulonephritis as primary renal disease were observed. Recipients with polycystic kidney disease had better graft survival while the survival was significantly worse in case of recipients or donors age over 50 and in male recipients of kidneys from female donors. In the prospective part of the trial, cell cycle analysis showed a step-wise decrease of the proliferative response of T lymphocytes in comparison to the control groups during the first six weeks after renal transplantation. Daclizumab inhibited, dose-dependently, the anti-CD3 stimulated proliferation of lymphocytes T and lead to a sudden drop in the proportion of IL-2 receptors on their membrane, while the expression of IL-2 receptors on NK cells varied at a low level. A drop of the proportion of all T lymphocytes, both helper and cytotoxic cells as well as of B lymphocytes was observed. Over a period of two to six weeks after transplantation, the proportion of these cells normalized. NK cells showed a rise of their proportion immediately after engraftment, which normalized again in the latter phase.
Conclusion: These results represent a valuable contribution for the clinical follow-up of renal transplant recipients and the optimization of immunosuppressive treatment, in order to minimize side effects of overimmunosuppression and to improve patients and graft survival.- All metadata published by Europeana are available free of restriction under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
Provider: - Institution: - Data provided by Europeana Collections- Razglednica, ki jo je vojak s priimkom Schierl neznanega datuma v času prve svetovne vojne poslal na Dunaj iz vojaške rezervne ...bolnišnice v Celju. Na hrbtni strani je napisal svoj naslov z označbo barake, v kateri je bival. Gre torej za provizorično bolnišnico, ki so zgradili v času vojne. Razglednica nosi tudi rokopisno oznako cenzorja in pečat, da gre za vojaško zadevo in da zato ni potrebno plačati poštnine.- All metadata published by Europeana are available free of restriction under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
Manfred Lütz, psihijatar i teolog, govori o jednom od ključnih problema suvremenog društva, a to je odnos suvremenog čovjeka prema zdravlju. Lütz svoju poruku primarno upućuje društvu koje je sklono ...divinizirati zdravlje kao vrhunsku vrijednost. Zdravlje se pretvara u religiju, a takvu sakralizaciju zdravstva prati i potpuna komercijalizacija zdravstvenog sustava. Taj proces olakšan je glorificiranjem zdravlja, medicinske znanosti, liječnika i dostignuća u farmaceutskoj industriji. Svojim tezama revitalizira starogrčko vjerovanje da je i pretjerana briga za zdravlje svojevrsna bolest. Sličnu misao o zdravlju i bolesti nalazimo u djelima I. Illicha, H.-G. Gadamera, Z. Baumana i drugih.
