Interpreters and War Crimes (Edition 1) Takeda, Kayoko
International Journal of Research Studies in Language Learning,
01/2021, Letnik:
1, Številka:
4
eBook, Book Review
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Taking an interdisciplinary approach, this book raises new questions and provides different perspectives on the roles, responsibilities, ethics and protection of interpreters in war while ...investigating the substance and agents of Japanese war crimes and legal aspects of interpreters’ taking part in war crimes. Informed by studies on interpreter ethics in conflict, historical studies of Japanese war crimes and legal discussion on individual liability in war crimes, Takeda provides a detailed description and analysis of the 39 interpreter defendants and interpreters as witnesses of war crimes at British military trials against the Japanese in the aftermath of the Pacific War, and tackles ethical and legal issues of various risks faced by interpreters in violent conflict.The book first discusses the backgrounds, recruitment and wartime activities of the accused interpreters at British military trials in addition to the charges they faced, the defence arguments and the verdicts they received at the trials, with attention to why so many of the accused were Taiwanese and foreign-born Japanese. Takeda provides a contextualized discussion, focusing on the Japanese military’s specific linguistic needs in its occupied areas in Southeast Asia and the attributes of interpreters who could meet such needs. In the theoretical examination of the issues that emerge, the focus is placed on interpreters’ proximity to danger, visibility and perceived authorship of speech, legal responsibility in war crimes and ethical issues in testifying as eyewitnesses of criminal acts in violent hostilities. Takeda critically examines prior literature on the roles of interpreters in conflict and ethical concerns such as interpreter neutrality and confidentiality, drawing on legal discussion of the ineffectiveness of the superior orders defence and modes of individual liability in war crimes. The book seeks to promote intersectoral discussion on how interpreters can be protected from exposure to manifestly unlawful acts such as torture.
Asks why intelligence is it so hard to define, and why there is no systematic theory of intelligence. Systematically develops a new concept of intelligence as a cognitive activity that needs to be ...understood holistically. Shows how classic intelligence analysis is based on an inference between history and the future – and this has led to a restriction in how we can perceive new threats, and new variations of threats. Rethinks intelligence analysis, arguing that good intelligence is based on understanding the threats that appear beyond our experience, and are therefore the most dangerous to society.
Predložený príspevok je venovaný poznatkom týkajúcim sa konkrétneho ústavu spolupracujúceho obvineného v zmysle slovenskej legislatívy. Neoddeliteľnou súčasťou predkladaného vedeckého príspevku ...sú aplikačné problémy, ktorých analýza poslúži ako základ a východisko pre prípadné návrhy de lege ferenda. Čitateľ bude v danej problematike oboznámený s českým aj talianskym právnym poriadkom a z takto získaných informácií budú vyzdvihnuté jednotlivé nastavenia zahraničných právnych úprav, ktoré by mohli v budúcnosti slúžiť ako základ pre domáce právne úpravy. Na druhej strane poukážeme aj na problematické oblasti, ktorým čelia predmetné právne predpisy. Sme presvedčení, že takáto dôkladná analýza poskytne nielen čitateľovi, ale dúfajme, že aj akademickej obci náležité zistenia, ktoré budú prínosom pre právny poriadok našej republiky a vytvoria priestor na ďalšiu diskusiu.
Velika Srbija kolokvijalan je naziv za nacionalistički i iredentistički projekt dijela srpske inteligencije koji je nastao početkom devetnaestoga stoljeća. Međutim velikosrpski projekt datira još od ...1557. g., odnosno nakon ponovne uspostave Pećke patrijaršije. Tada je pravoslavni klir (svećenstvo) počeo promicati ideju po-novne uspostave Dušanovoga Carstva koje se prostiralo na području današnjih devet suverenih država.
Oživotvorenje velikosrpskoga projekta, odnosno homogenizacija velikosrpskih krugova ponovno je počela još za vrijeme Titova života, a dinamizirala se poslije njegove smrti otvaranjem srpskoga pitanja na Kosovu. Dinamiziranje procesa za primarni cilj nije imalo rješavanje kosovskoga pitanja, već ponovnu homogenizaciju i mobilizaciju srpskoga puka na području cijeloga SFRJ-a.
U cilju operacionalizacije velikosrpskoga projekta najznačajniji čimbenik bila je Jugoslavenska narodna armija (JNA), ona je trebala biti jamac. Stoga su početkom 80-ih godina prošloga stoljeća počeli sa sustavnom srbizacijom zapovjednoga kadra, gdje su Srbi i Crnogorci zauzeli dominantnu ulogu. JNA je 1990./91. g. bio najznačajniji čimbenik pri naoružavanju pobunjenih Srba.
Autori u ovome radu napravili su analizu vojnih efektiva JNA-a na ozemlju Đakovačko-osječke nadbiskupije koji su aktivno stavljeni u funkciju dezintegracije Republike Hrvatske. Naime takva analiza za to područje nije sustavno napravljena. Pri izradi kori-stili su se reduciranim pisanim izvorima i osobnim iskustvom u obrani suvereniteta i teritorijalnoga integriteta Republike Hrvatske na tome području.
Indeks bijede se pogoršao u zemlji, a kako je ekonomska dobrobit narušena, život je postao nemoguć. Kako bismo razriješili ovu vezu između indeksa bijede i zločina protiv imovine,koristili smo ...godišnje podatke za Nigeriju od 1970. do 2013. godine. Podatke smo analizirali pomoću Autoregressive Distributed Lag Modela kako bismo testirali jednosmjernu vezu jer se modificirani pristup Waldovom testu Grangerovom testu kauzalnosti (uzročnosti) koristi kod utvrđivanja
dvosmjerne veze. Rezultati su ustanovili da postoji dugoročna i negativna veza između indeksa bijede i zločina protiv imovine kod jednosmjernog pristupa. Kod dvosmjernog pristupa, indeks bijede prema Grangerovom testu uzročnosti uzrokuje zločin protiv imovine. Osim toga, rezultati idu na ruku pretpostavkama o motivaciji za zločin te ukazuju na to da socijalna pomoć mora biti odgovarajuća,
naročito za nezaposlene, kako bi se smanjila stopa zločina protiv imovine jer bi to ublažilo učinak indeksa bijede u zemlji.
Inside story Presser, Lois
2018., 20180807, 2018, 2018-09-21
eBook
Stories direct mass harm, including violence and less sensational affronts. This book explores the capacity of stories to motivate people to do harm and to tolerate the harm done by others. The book ...builds upon timely work in the field of narrative criminology, according to which stories promote or inhibit harmful action. It offers a sociological analysis of the emotional yet intersubjective experience of dangerous stories
Starting from the political science definition of penal policy as the administering of punishment on subjects related to political power and the organization of the state order, this work seeks to ...provide a contribution to the reconstruction of organized violence and punishment linked to the apparatus of coercion and crimes on the territory of the Republic of Serbian Krajina, a political order established by rebel Serbs in Croatia in the period between 1991 and 1995. The work has two primary functions, historiographical and that of political science. In addition to the analysis of the regulatory and institutional frameworks that were supposed to govern the criminal justice system, this paper empirically reconstructs the work of formal and informal institutions of the Krajina’s penal policy and its “rhythm of crime” on the basis of published sources. The obtained discursive data is interpreted in terms of political theory in order to reconstruct a picture of the relationship between political order and punishment in the observed space and time. Instead of controlling violence and implementing rational punishment, the political order, by its instability and production of political violence, further undermined the loyalty of the population subjected to it.
Previous research on victimhood often has presented a one-sided picture of the “victim” and “perpetrator”. Researchers have emphasized the importance of narratives and they have focused on narratives ...about victimhood, but a researcher has not analyzed post-war interviews as a competition for victimhood. This article tries to fill this gap using stories told by survivors of the Bosnian war during the 1990s. I focus on describing the informants portrayal of “victimhood” as well as analysing those discursive patterns which contributed in constructing the category “victim” and ”perpetrator”. My research question is: How do the interviewees describe victimhood after the war? When, after the war, different actors claim this “victim” status, it sparks a competition for victimhood. All informants are eager to present themselves as victims while at the same time for the other categories victim status is downplayed. In this reproduction of competition for the victim role, all demarcations that were played out so successfully during the war live on.
U ranijim viktimološkim istraživanjima naglašene su jednostrane slike kategorije „žrtva“ i „zločinac“. Istraživači su isticali važnost priča i usmjerili fokus analize na priče o viktimizaciji, ali nisu analizirali poslijeratne intervjue kao arenu gdje se odigrava borba za status žrtve. Ovim radom pokušava se popuniti ta praznina analiziranjem priča 27 osoba koje su preživjele rat u Bosni i Hercegovini. Prvi cilj ovog rada je opisati kako akteri studije prezentuju socijalni fenomen „viktimizacije“, drugi cilj je analiziranje diskurzivnih modela koji učestvuju u produkciji pojmova „žrtva“ i „zločinac“. Naučno pitanje koje se postavlja je: Kako intervjuisane osobe opisuju status žrtve poslije rata? Unutar dinamike koja konstruiše status „žrtve“ i „zločinca“, uočljiva je borba za ulogu žrtve nakon završetka rata. Svi intervjuisani nastoje sebe da prikažu kao žrtvu i sa time ujedno umanjuju status žrtve ostalih kategorija. Ova situacija može produkovati i reprodukovati nadmetanje za dobijanje statusa žrtve, a sa tim, ponovo probuditi kolektivna razgraničenja koja su se tako jasno predstavila tokom rata.
Previous research on victimhood often has presented a one-sided picture of the “victim” and “perpetrator”. Researchers have emphasized the importance of narratives and they have focused on narratives ...about victimhood, but a researcher has not analyzed post-war interviews as a competition for victimhood. This article tries to fill this gap using stories told by survivors of the Bosnian war during the 1990s. I focus on describing the informants portrayal of “victimhood” as well as analysing those discursive patterns which contributed in constructing the category “victim” and ”perpetrator”. My research question is: How do the interviewees describe victimhood after the war? When, after the war, different actors claim this “victim” status, it sparks a competition for victimhood. All informants are eager to present themselves as victims while at the same time for the other categories victim status is downplayed. In this reproduction of competition for the victim role, all demarcations that were played out so successfully during the war live on.
Abstract in Uncoded languages U ranijim viktimološkim istraživanjima naglašene su jednostrane slike kategorije „žrtva“ i „zločinac“. Istraživači su isticali važnost priča i usmjerili fokus analize na priče o viktimizaciji, ali istraživači nisu analizirali poslijeratne intervjue kao arenu gdje se odigrava borba za status žrtve. Ovim člankom pokušava se popuniti ta praznina analiziranjem priča 27 osoba koje su preživjele rat u Bosni i Hercegovini. Prvi cilj ovog rada je opisati kako akteri studije prezentuju socijalni fenomen „viktimizacije“, drugi cilj je analiziranje diskurzivnih modela koji učestvuju u produkciji pojmova „žrtva“ i „zločinac“. Naučno pitanje koje se postavlja je: Kako intervjuisane osobe opisuju status žrtve poslije rata? Unutar dinamike koja konstruiše status „žrtve“ i „zločinca“, uočljiva je borba za ulogu žrtve nakon završetka rata. Svi intervjuisani nastoje sebe da prikažu kao žrtvu i sa time ujedno umanjuju status žrtve ostalih kategorija. Ova situacija može produkovati i reprodukovati nadmetanje za dobijanje statusa žrtve, a sa time ponovo probuditi kolektivna razgraničenja koja su se tako jasno i jezivo predstavila tokom rata.
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