This retrospective study analyzes 580 term and near-term singleton pregnancies complicated by breech presentation from 1976 through 1982. Vaginal delivery was achieved in 174 patients (30%), 135 of which were selectively allowed a trial of labor. Six infant deaths occurred (1%); all were neonatal deaths directly related to lethal congenital anomalies, for a corrected neonatal mortality rate of 0%. No significant difference was found in the incidence of low Apgar scores, traumatic birth injury, or requirement for neonatal resuscitation between those infants delivered by cesarean section and those delivered vaginally. Although no maternal deaths occurred, cesarean section was associated with a 38-fold increase in significant maternal morbidity. These data suggest that with careful patient selection and fetal monitoring, vaginal delivery of the term or near-term breech infant remains a real alternative to routine cesarean delivery of all breech infants. A selection and management protocol is proposed.