This paper describes a study of techniques for identifying Higgs bosons at high transverse momenta decaying into bottom-quark pairs, Formula omitted, for proton-proton collision data collected by the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider at a centre-of-mass energy Formula omitted Formula omitted. These decays are reconstructed from calorimeter jets found with the anti- Formula omitted Formula omitted jet algorithm. To tag Higgs bosons, a combination of requirements is used: b-tagging of Formula omitted track-jets matched to the large-R calorimeter jet, and requirements on the jet mass and other jet substructure variables. The Higgs boson tagging efficiency and corresponding multijet and hadronic top-quark background rejections are evaluated using Monte Carlo simulation. Several benchmark tagging selections are defined for different signal efficiency targets. The modelling of the relevant input distributions used to tag Higgs bosons is studied in 36 fb Formula omitted of data collected in 2015 and 2016 using Formula omitted and Formula omitted event selections in data. Both processes are found to be well modelled within the statistical and systematic uncertainties.