The characteristics of anonymous communication, such as difficulty in node discovery, service positio-ning, communication relationship confirmation, and user monitoring, make the darknet built on it full of various illegal and criminal activities of anonymous abuse. To this end, the academic community has carried out a series of targeted research around anonymous communication and darknet. Accordingly, on the basis of systematically intro-ducing the development history of anonymous communication, anonymous mechanisms and typical systems, this paper focuses on combing, summarizing and inducing related research in this field by combining key technologies of anonymous communication, anonymity measurement, anonymous attack, anonymous enhancement, anonymous communication performance evaluation and improvement and darknet space comprehensive governance. Mean-while, this paper focuses and analyzes the development trend of anonymous communication research in the future and the challenges and countermeasures faced by