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  • Reefe, Michael A; Luque, Rafael; Gaidos, Eric; Beard, Corey; Plavchan, Peter P; Cointepas, Marion; Cale, Bryson L; Palle, Enric; Parviainen, Hannu; Feliz, Dax L; Eastman, Jason; Stassun, Keivan; Gagné, Jonathan; Jenkins, Jon M; Boyd, Patricia T; Kidwell, Richard C; McDermott, Scott; Collins, Karen A; Fong, William; Guerrero, Natalia; Jose-Manuel Almenara-Villa; Bean, Jacob; Beichman, Charles A; Berberian, John; Bieryla, Allyson; Bonfils, Xavier; Bouchy, François; Brady, Madison; Bryant, Edward M; Cacciapuoti, Luca; Cañas, Caleb I; Ciardi, David R; Collins, Kevin I; Crossfield, Ian; Dressing, Courtney D; Eigmueller, Philipp; Mohammed El Mufti; Esparza-Borges, Emma; Fukui, Akihiko; Gao, Peter; Geneser, Claire; Gnilka, Crystal L; Gonzales, Erica; Gupta, Arvind F; Halverson, Sam; Hearty, Fred; Howell, Steve B; Irwin, Jonathan; Kanodia, Shubham; Kasper, David; Kodama, Takanori; Kostov, Veselin; Latham, David W; Lendl, Monika; Lin, Andrea; Livingston, John H; Lubin, Jack; Mahadevan, Suvrath; Matson, Rachel; Matthews, Elisabeth; Murgas, Felipe; Narita, Norio; Newman, Patrick; Ninan, Joe; Osborn, Ares; Quinn, Samuel N; Robertson, Paul; Roy, Arpita; Schlieder, Joshua; Schwab, Christian; Seifahrt, Andreas; Smith, Gareth D; Sohani, Ahmad; Stefánsson, Guðmundur; Stevens, Daniel; Stürmer, Julian; Tanner, Angelle; Terrien, Ryan; Teske, Johanna; Vermilion, David; Wang, Sharon X; Wittrock, Justin; Wright, Jason T; Zechmeister, Mathias; Zohrabi, Farzaneh

    arXiv.org, 04/2022
    Paper, Journal Article

    We present the validation of a transiting low-density exoplanet orbiting the M2.5 dwarf TOI 620 discovered by the NASA TESS mission. We utilize photometric data from both TESS and ground-based follow-up observations to validate the ephemerides of the 5.09-day transiting signal and vet false positive scenarios. High-contrast imaging data are used to resolve the stellar host and exclude stellar companions at separations \(\gtrsim 0.2''\). We obtain follow-up spectroscopy and corresponding precise radial velocities (RVs) with multiple PRV spectrographs to confirm the planetary nature of the transiting exoplanet. We calculate a 5\(\sigma\) upper limit of \(M_P < 7.1\) M\(_\oplus\) and \(\rho_P < 0.74\) g cm\(^{-3}\), and we identify a non-transiting 17.7-day candidate. We also find evidence for a substellar (1-20 M\(_{\rm J}\)) companion with a projected separation \(\lesssim 20\) au from a combined analysis of Gaia, AO imaging, and RVs. With the discovery of this outer companion, we carry out a detailed exploration of the possibilities that TOI 620 b might instead be a circum-secondary planet or a pair of eclipsing binary stars orbiting the host in a hierarchical triple system. We find, under scrutiny, that we can exclude both of these scenarios from the multi-wavelength transit photometry, thus validating TOI 620 b as a low-density exoplanet transiting the central star in this system. The low density of TOI 620 b makes it one of the most amenable exoplanets for atmospheric characterization, such as with JWST and Ariel, validated or confirmed by the TESS mission to date.