According to WHO, cancer is the cause of ~5 million deaths annually. To date, there is no universal solution to fight cancer despite outstanding achievements of radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy. In this regard, there is a need to develop new approaches to antitumor therapy, in particular based on the search and use of targeted molecules that allow killing tumor cells of various types with high efficiency without significant toxic effects on healthy organs and tissues. This review presents the characteristics of the main proteins of the heat shock proteins (HSP) family, the features of their expression in tumor cells, and the possibility of using monoclonal antibodies against these proteins as a guiding vector for antitumor immunotherapy.