The review is devoted to the analysis of publications on the synthesis and chemical modification of the surface of silver and gold nanoparticles and their use in chemical and biochemical analysis by spectrometry. The formation and subsequent modification of the chemical composition of the surface layer of nanoparticles ensures the solution of problems of the group and individual determination of analytes, i.e., metal ions and organic and bioorganic compounds. The presence of an accessible well-developed surface bearing functional groups of different nature in combination with the effects of surface plasmon resonance and enhanced and surface-enhanced Raman scattering opens wide prospects for the application of nanoparticles to chemical and biochemical analysis.