Obtaining hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) for transplantation depends on effective egress of HSCs from bone marrow into the peripheral circulation on induction. This process is impaired in a mouse model of diabetes and in patients undergoing autologous transplantation. Hematopoietic stem-cell (HSC) transplantation remains the primary curative treatment for patients with a variety of hematologic cancers. Transplantation of either autologous or allogeneic stem cells requires the acquisition of sufficient numbers of HSCs to ensure rapid and consistent trilineage engraftment, thus minimizing extended periods of pancytopenia after transplantation. Methods to optimize peripheralization of HSCs boost the number of HSCs that can be obtained for transplantation. These methods are based on the use of either cytokines alone (granulocyte colony-stimulating factor G-CSF or granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor GM-CSF) or cytokines plus chemotherapy to induce effective egress of HSCs from the bone marrow into . . .