We review the current literature pertaining to the characterization of soft matter subject to flow utilizing small-angle neutron scattering, flow-SANS, with an emphasis on the simultaneous measurement of the rheology, Rheo-SANS. Experimental results are discussed in terms of the flow induced structure and direct connection to the bulk rheology in which we highlight the use of the contrast match method as a unique advantage to neutron scattering techniques. Finally, we discuss specific areas in each field that could benefit from focused flow-SANS experiments, and the projected evolution of specialized flow-SANS sample environments. Display omitted ► The application of SANS to the characterization of soft matter under deformation. ► The direct measurement of flow induced structural reorganization. ► The simultaneous measure of both structure and rheology. ► The current development of state-of-the-art dynamic SANS sample environments. ► The current approaches to the data analysis of anisotropic scattering patterns.