Lantibiotics are a group of highly post-translationally modified bacterial antimicrobial peptides characterized by the presence of the thioether-containing amino acids lanthionine and methyllanthionine. Carnobacterium maltaromaticum C2 was found to produce a two-component lantibiotic homologous to enterococcal cytolysin. Through tandem mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy, the post-translational modifications of carnolysin were established, and the topologies of the lanthionine and methyllanthionine rings were determined. Chiral GC-MS analysis revealed that, like cytolysin, carnolysin contained lanthionine and methyllanthionine residues of unusual stereochemistry. Carnolysin, unlike cytolysin, was shown to contain d-alanine and unprecedented d-aminobutyrate derived from serine and threonine, respectively. Carnolysin was heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli, demonstrating that reductase CrnJ is involved in the formation of the d-amino acids.