Fibrous dysplasia (FD) is an uncommon and debilitating skeletal disorder resulting in fractures, deformity, functional impairment, and pain. It arises from post-zygotic somatic activating mutations in GNAS , in the cAMP-regulating transcript α-subunit, G s α. Constitutive G s signaling results in activation of adenylyl cyclase and dysregulated cAMP production. In the skeleton, this leads to the development of FD lesions with abnormal bone matrix, trabeculae, and collagen, produced by undifferentiated mesenchymal cells. FD may occur in isolation or in combination with extraskeletal manifestations, including hyperfunctioning endocrinopathies and café-au-lait macules, termed McCune-Albright syndrome (MAS). This review summarizes current clinical and translational perspectives in FD/MAS, with an emphasis on FD pathogenesis, natural history, pre-clinical and clinical investigation, and future directions.