Notwithstanding the significant anthropological advancements that have taken place over the past several decades, the health and disease statuses of ancient people have yet to be fully elucidated. To this end, paleopathology - the pathological study of tissues remnant in ancient biological specimens - has been established by many pioneering researchers around the world. The field includes various sub-disciplines such as the diagnosis of specific diseases seen in archaeological specimens, the tracing of secular changes in health and disease patterns of human populations, and the biological reconstruction of pathogenic evolution by molecular techniques. The information obtained inspires ever-greater achievements, thereby contributing to the comprehensive understanding of the reciprocal interaction between human beings and disease throughout history. Anthropological Science (AS) is an authoritative academic journal with a long publishing history, some issues of which have already included paleopathology-related articles.