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  • Levulinic acid upgrade to s...
    Carnevali, Davide; Rigamonti, Marco G.; Tabanelli, Tommaso; Patience, Gregory S.; Cavani, Fabrizio

    Applied catalysis. A, General, 08/2018, Letnik: 563
    Journal Article

    Display omitted •Solvent-free conversion of levulinic acid to succinic acid with hydrogen peroxide and H2WO4.•Formation of an adduct between the catalyst and the substrate, which enhances the regioselectivity.•Maximum conversion of 48% with 75% selectivity to succinic acid, after 6 h.•A new green process for synthesize succinic acid from bio-sourced levulinic acid. Levulinic acid is produced from the acidic aqueous degradation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, with potential applications in bio-value added chemicals synthesis. Here, we report for the first time, the Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of levulinic acid to succinic acid, with hydrogen peroxide and tungstic acid at mild conditions and without any organic solvent. We investigated the effects of time, amount of reagent-to-catalyst molar ratio and H2O2-to-levulinic acid molar ratio. The maximum succinic acid selectivity was 75% with a levulinic acid conversion as high as 48%, after 6 h at 90 °C. We propose a reaction mechanism based on results obtained from the reactivity of the intermediates. The catalyst interacts with the substrate, forming a cyclic species that enhances the formation of succinic acid versus 3-hydroxypropanoic acid.