•Carbon-based quantum dots (CQDs) applications in membrane science.•Summarizing the membrane applications using CQD in its preparation or modification.•Briefly review of synthesis methods of CQDs such as graphene QDs & carbon nanodots.•Effect of nanocomposite structures of CQD on membrane performance was reviewed.•Difficult features of the uses of CQD-containing membranes in the future was explored. A scientific breakthrough in membrane technologies using nanomaterials drives the development of new nanocomposite structures to improve processes. Carbon-based quantum dots (CQDs) have risen to prominence in membrane applications due to their superior characteristics among carbon nanomaterials since 2013. In this review, we have summarized and discussed all pressure-, concentration-, temperature- and electrical potential-driven membrane applications of carbon-based QDs. Firstly, the synthesis methods of CQDs such as graphene QDs, carbon nanodots, carbonized polymer dots, and carbon dots are briefly summarized. Then, state-of-the-art studies from membrane applications using CQD in its manufacture or modification were summarized. The influence of nanocomposite structures created by adding different elements or compounds to the CQD chain was also considered. The results explanations are then reviewed, along with the difficult features of the uses of CQD-containing membranes in the future.