Abstract Background As outpatient total hip (THA) and knee arthroplasty (TKA) increases in popularity, concerns exist about the safety of discharging patients home the same day. The purpose of this study is to determine the complications associated with outpatient total joint arthroplasty and to identify high-risk patients who should be excluded from these protocols. Methods We queried the American College of Surgeons-National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP) database for all patients who underwent primary TKA or THA from 2011 to 2014. Demographic variables, medical comorbidities, and 30-day complication, readmission, and reoperation rates were compared between outpatient and traditional inpatient procedures. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was then performed to identify independent risk factors of poor short-term outcomes. Results Of the total 169,406 patients who underwent TJA, 1,220 were outpatient (0.7%). The outpatient and inpatient groups had an overall complication rate of 8% and 16%, respectively. Patients over age 70, those with malnutrition, cardiac history, smoking history, or diabetes mellitus are at higher risk for readmission and complications (all p<0.05). Surprisingly, outpatient TJA alone did not increase the risk of readmission (OR 0.652, 95% CI 0.243-1.746, p=0.395) or reoperation (OR 1.168, 95% CI 0.374-3.651, p=0.789), and was a negative independent risk factor for complications (OR 0.459, 95% CI 0.371-0.567, p<0.001). Conclusion With the resources available in a hospital setting, outpatient TJA may be a safe option, but only in select, healthier patients. Care should be taken to extrapolate these results to an outpatient facility, where complications may be more difficult to manage.