Some previous epidemiological studies have suggested that pesticide exposure during pregnancy may have a possible role in the development of childhood brain tumors (CBT). We pooled data from two French national population‐based, case–control studies to investigate the association between maternal residential use of pesticides during pregnancy and the risk of CBT. The mothers of 437 CBT cases and 3,102 controls aged under 15 years who resided in France at diagnosis/interview, frequency‐matched by age and gender, answered a structured telephone interview conducted by trained interviewers. Unconditional logistic regression was used to estimate pooled odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). CBT was significantly associated with the maternal home use of pesticides during pregnancy (OR 1.4, 95% CI 1.2–1.8) and, more specifically, with insecticide (OR 1.4, 1.2–1.8). We could not draw any conclusions about herbicides and/or fungicides because few women used them during pregnancy and most of these mothers also used insecticides. Although potential recall bias cannot be excluded, our findings of this pooled analysis support the hypothesis that residential maternal use of pesticides during pregnancy and particularly insecticides may increase the risk of CBT. Future investigations to verify these findings and to explore for CBT subtypes and dose–response are necessary to have a better understanding of the possible role of pesticides in etiology of CBT. What's new? The etiology of childhood brain tumor (CBT) remains unknown. Several perinatal factors are suspected to increase CBT risk, including maternal exposure to pesticides. In our study of malignant CBT, the authors found a positive association between maternal residential pesticide use (particularly of insecticides) during pregnancy, and malignant CBT. These results further implicate pesticides in the development of these cancers in children.