Reduction in methane emissions to the Earth's atmosphere is a critical strategy for tackling climate change. It is well established that anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) associated with sulfate reduction functions as an important methane sink in marine sediments. However, recent findings show that AOM uses diverse electron acceptors across a range of habitats, prompting examination of the potential role of AOM in mitigation of methane emissions and global climate change in non-marine environments. Methane is also a valuable energy source, widely used for production of electricity. Recent studies suggest that AOM could be used to produce liquid fuels/chemicals. The potential involvement of CO 2 in product formation is particularly exciting as methane bioconversion could act as a net sink of CO 2 . The discovery that AOM is able to transfer electrons to solid electron acceptors suggests that methane may be a suitable source of electrons for a bioelectrochemical, biosynthesis cell. In addition, AOM has been used for pollution control and environmental remediation, such as nitrogen removal from contaminated water. Herein, we review and discuss implications of the latest scientific discoveries in AOM for methane emissions from aquatic and terrestrial environments, and methane as a feedstock for various biotechnology platforms. Anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) is a crucial bioprocess in global methane mitigation. Adoption of AOM in an engineered system provides an opportunity for the development of methane-based biotechnologies.