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  • DANPY (dimethylaminonaphthy...
    Johnson, Lewis E; Kingsbury, Jason S; Elder, Delwin L; Cattolico, Rose Ann; Latimer, Luke N; Hardin, William; De Meulenaere, Evelien; Deodato, Chloe; Depotter, Griet; Madabushi, Sowmya; Bigelow, Nicholas W; Smolarski, Brittany A; Hougen, Trevor K; Kaminsky, Werner; Clays, Koen; Robinson, Bruce H

    Organic & biomolecular chemistry, 04/2019, Letnik: 17, Številka: 15
    Journal Article

    Dyes with nonlinear optical (NLO) properties enable new imaging techniques and photonic systems. We have developed a dye (DANPY-1) for photonics applications in biological substrates such as nucleic acids; however, the design specification also enables it to be used for visualizing biomolecules. It is a prototype dye demonstrating a water-soluble, NLO-active fluorophore with high photostability, a large Stokes shift, and a favorable toxicity profile. A practical and scalable synthetic route to DANPY salts has been optimized featuring: (1) convergent Pd-catalyzed Suzuki coupling with pyridine 4-boronic acid, (2) site-selective pyridyl N-methylation, and (3) direct recovery of crystalline intermediates without chromatography. We characterize the optical properties, biocompatibility, and biological staining behavior of DANPY-1. In addition to stability and solubility across a range of polar media, the DANPY-1 chromophore shows a first hyperpolarizability similar to common NLO dyes such as Disperse Red 1 and DAST, a large two-photon absorption cross section for its size, substantial affinity to nucleic acids in vitro, an ability to stain a variety of cellular components, and strong sensitivity of its fluorescence properties to its dielectric environment.